Development of a sub-100 ps Time-of-Flight detector with SiPM-readout scintillator for measurement of cosmic muon velocity

Fuente: arXiv
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Main Authors: Yang, Ziyi, Wang, Xiyang, Zou, Shiming, Wang, Ting, Huang, Kairui, Zhuang, Wanyi, Pu, Yicheng, Wang, Xiaolong
Format: Preprint
Published: 2026
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_version_ 1866917490798362624
author Yang, Ziyi
Wang, Xiyang
Zou, Shiming
Wang, Ting
Huang, Kairui
Zhuang, Wanyi
Pu, Yicheng
Wang, Xiaolong
author_facet Yang, Ziyi
Wang, Xiyang
Zou, Shiming
Wang, Ting
Huang, Kairui
Zhuang, Wanyi
Pu, Yicheng
Wang, Xiaolong
contents Accurate Time-of-Flight (TOF) measurement with sub-100 picosecond resolution is a critical requirement for particle identification in future high-energy physics experiments, such as the Belle II $K_{L}$ and Muon (KLM) detector upgrade. Achieving this precision with large-area Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPMs) is challenging due to the inherent junction capacitance, which degrades signal rise time. In this work, we developed and evaluated a high-time-resolution cosmic ray detector based on plastic scintillators and customized SiPM arrays. To optimize the readout for block-shaped scintillators, we systematically compared different sensor topologies. We demonstrate that a multi-face readout topology, utilizing low-capacitance 4-series (4S) SiPM modules coupled to four faces of the scintillator, achieves an excellent coincidence time resolution of approximately 68 ps, outperforming the $\sim$100 ps resolution of the concentrated 4-series 3-parallel (4S3P) hybrid topology. Furthermore, to validate the system's practical performance, we successfully measured well-known cosmic ray observables, specifically the relativistic muon velocity via TOF reconstruction. These results highlight the potential of the multi-face 4S configuration as a high-precision solution for future TOF detector upgrades.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2605_13199
institution arXiv
publishDate 2026
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Development of a sub-100 ps Time-of-Flight detector with SiPM-readout scintillator for measurement of cosmic muon velocity
Yang, Ziyi
Wang, Xiyang
Zou, Shiming
Wang, Ting
Huang, Kairui
Zhuang, Wanyi
Pu, Yicheng
Wang, Xiaolong
Instrumentation and Detectors
Accurate Time-of-Flight (TOF) measurement with sub-100 picosecond resolution is a critical requirement for particle identification in future high-energy physics experiments, such as the Belle II $K_{L}$ and Muon (KLM) detector upgrade. Achieving this precision with large-area Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPMs) is challenging due to the inherent junction capacitance, which degrades signal rise time. In this work, we developed and evaluated a high-time-resolution cosmic ray detector based on plastic scintillators and customized SiPM arrays. To optimize the readout for block-shaped scintillators, we systematically compared different sensor topologies. We demonstrate that a multi-face readout topology, utilizing low-capacitance 4-series (4S) SiPM modules coupled to four faces of the scintillator, achieves an excellent coincidence time resolution of approximately 68 ps, outperforming the $\sim$100 ps resolution of the concentrated 4-series 3-parallel (4S3P) hybrid topology. Furthermore, to validate the system's practical performance, we successfully measured well-known cosmic ray observables, specifically the relativistic muon velocity via TOF reconstruction. These results highlight the potential of the multi-face 4S configuration as a high-precision solution for future TOF detector upgrades.
title Development of a sub-100 ps Time-of-Flight detector with SiPM-readout scintillator for measurement of cosmic muon velocity
topic Instrumentation and Detectors
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.13199