Efficient Implementation of an Adaptive Transformer Accelerator for Massive MIMO Outdoor Localization
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arXiv
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| Main Authors: | , , , |
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| Format: | Preprint |
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2026
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| _version_ | 1866914563387031552 |
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| author | Yaman, Ilayda Cheng, Sijia Edfors, Ove Liu, Liang |
| author_facet | Yaman, Ilayda Cheng, Sijia Edfors, Ove Liu, Liang |
| contents | We present the implementation of an adaptive Transformer-based localization system for 5G massive MIMO targeting sub-10ms real-time positioning. The design exploits propagation characteristics, where beam-delay channel representations exhibit sparsity, enabling a row-wise skipping mechanism that removes low-energy beam components with minimal control overhead. The contribution is focused on hardware realization of the model using a mixed dataflow architecture, combining input- and output-stationary execution, mapped onto a heterogeneous vector processing engine with parallel processing elements and adder trees for efficient matrix computation. Environment-dependent processing is supported through a lightweight runtime model-switching mechanism, where temporally filtered outputs of a single-layer perceptron router enable stable selection between specialized models with reduced latency. Implemented on a Xilinx Zynq UltraScale+ FPGA and evaluated on real-world massive MIMO measurements, the design achieves up to 65% row sparsity, yielding peak computational speedups of approximately 2x while limiting the average localization accuracy degradation to below 10%, relative to the floating-point baseline model. The accelerator attains below 1.15m localization accuracy across scenarios, with inference latency of 0.51-2.11ms and throughput of up to 1961 positions/s. These results demonstrate that propagation-aware sparsity, mixed dataflow execution, and efficient runtime model switching enable a scalable and low-latency hardware realization of adaptive Transformer-based localization for real-time 5G systems. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2605_13507 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | Efficient Implementation of an Adaptive Transformer Accelerator for Massive MIMO Outdoor Localization Yaman, Ilayda Cheng, Sijia Edfors, Ove Liu, Liang Hardware Architecture We present the implementation of an adaptive Transformer-based localization system for 5G massive MIMO targeting sub-10ms real-time positioning. The design exploits propagation characteristics, where beam-delay channel representations exhibit sparsity, enabling a row-wise skipping mechanism that removes low-energy beam components with minimal control overhead. The contribution is focused on hardware realization of the model using a mixed dataflow architecture, combining input- and output-stationary execution, mapped onto a heterogeneous vector processing engine with parallel processing elements and adder trees for efficient matrix computation. Environment-dependent processing is supported through a lightweight runtime model-switching mechanism, where temporally filtered outputs of a single-layer perceptron router enable stable selection between specialized models with reduced latency. Implemented on a Xilinx Zynq UltraScale+ FPGA and evaluated on real-world massive MIMO measurements, the design achieves up to 65% row sparsity, yielding peak computational speedups of approximately 2x while limiting the average localization accuracy degradation to below 10%, relative to the floating-point baseline model. The accelerator attains below 1.15m localization accuracy across scenarios, with inference latency of 0.51-2.11ms and throughput of up to 1961 positions/s. These results demonstrate that propagation-aware sparsity, mixed dataflow execution, and efficient runtime model switching enable a scalable and low-latency hardware realization of adaptive Transformer-based localization for real-time 5G systems. |
| title | Efficient Implementation of an Adaptive Transformer Accelerator for Massive MIMO Outdoor Localization |
| topic | Hardware Architecture |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.13507 |