The Homogeneous MeerKAT and Swift/XRT X-ray Binary Radio:X-ray Plane

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Main Authors: Crook-Mansour, Justine, Fender, Rob, Hughes, Andrew, Motta, Sara, Woudt, Patrick A., Bahramian, Arash, Del Santo, Melania, Zhang, Zuobin, Russell, Thomas D., Eijnden, Jakob van den, Bright, Joe, Williams-Baldwin, David, Carotenuto, Francesco, Corbel, Stéphane, Cowie, Fraser J., Andersson, Alex, Grollimund, Noa, Matthews, James, Gasealahwe, Kelebogile, Monaleng, Itumeleng, Rhodes, Lauren, Saikia, Payaswini, Savard, Katie, Tremou, Evangelia, Zhang, Xian
Format: Preprint
Published: 2026
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author Crook-Mansour, Justine
Fender, Rob
Hughes, Andrew
Motta, Sara
Woudt, Patrick A.
Bahramian, Arash
Del Santo, Melania
Zhang, Zuobin
Russell, Thomas D.
Eijnden, Jakob van den
Bright, Joe
Williams-Baldwin, David
Carotenuto, Francesco
Corbel, Stéphane
Cowie, Fraser J.
Andersson, Alex
Grollimund, Noa
Matthews, James
Gasealahwe, Kelebogile
Monaleng, Itumeleng
Rhodes, Lauren
Saikia, Payaswini
Savard, Katie
Tremou, Evangelia
Zhang, Xian
author_facet Crook-Mansour, Justine
Fender, Rob
Hughes, Andrew
Motta, Sara
Woudt, Patrick A.
Bahramian, Arash
Del Santo, Melania
Zhang, Zuobin
Russell, Thomas D.
Eijnden, Jakob van den
Bright, Joe
Williams-Baldwin, David
Carotenuto, Francesco
Corbel, Stéphane
Cowie, Fraser J.
Andersson, Alex
Grollimund, Noa
Matthews, James
Gasealahwe, Kelebogile
Monaleng, Itumeleng
Rhodes, Lauren
Saikia, Payaswini
Savard, Katie
Tremou, Evangelia
Zhang, Xian
contents During the hard and quiescent spectral states in X-ray binaries, a non-linear correlation is observed between radio and X-ray luminosities, providing a valuable tool to probe the connection between accretion and jet production. This relation was originally thought to define a single 'standard' correlation spanning several orders of magnitude in X-ray luminosity, and was extended to active galactic nuclei by including a mass term. However, subsequent studies revealed a more complex picture, with some sources deviating from the standard correlation and instead populating distinct tracks. To date, all large studies of the radio:X-ray plane have combined data from multiple telescopes, introducing uncertainties due to differing instrument systematics and flux conversions between observing frequencies, thereby complicating comparisons and limiting constraints. ThunderKAT was a five-year programme on the MeerKAT radio telescope that monitored X-ray binaries in outburst, and ran alongside SwiftKAT which provided quasi-simultaneous Swift/XRT X-ray coverage. We present the full set of light curves from these programmes, comprising 948 radio and 1029 X-ray data points. An important finding is the frequent detection of unresolved radio emission during the soft state, likely dominated by previously launched jet ejecta. Using these data, we construct the largest, observationally homogeneous X-ray binary radio:X-ray plane to date. We relate these results to the physical mechanisms proposed to drive inter-source diversity, and outline directions for future observational and theoretical work. This paper is accompanied by a public data release of the ThunderKAT and SwiftKAT measurements and a compiled radio:X-ray plane, available through an interactive website.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2605_14003
institution arXiv
publishDate 2026
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle The Homogeneous MeerKAT and Swift/XRT X-ray Binary Radio:X-ray Plane
Crook-Mansour, Justine
Fender, Rob
Hughes, Andrew
Motta, Sara
Woudt, Patrick A.
Bahramian, Arash
Del Santo, Melania
Zhang, Zuobin
Russell, Thomas D.
Eijnden, Jakob van den
Bright, Joe
Williams-Baldwin, David
Carotenuto, Francesco
Corbel, Stéphane
Cowie, Fraser J.
Andersson, Alex
Grollimund, Noa
Matthews, James
Gasealahwe, Kelebogile
Monaleng, Itumeleng
Rhodes, Lauren
Saikia, Payaswini
Savard, Katie
Tremou, Evangelia
Zhang, Xian
High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
During the hard and quiescent spectral states in X-ray binaries, a non-linear correlation is observed between radio and X-ray luminosities, providing a valuable tool to probe the connection between accretion and jet production. This relation was originally thought to define a single 'standard' correlation spanning several orders of magnitude in X-ray luminosity, and was extended to active galactic nuclei by including a mass term. However, subsequent studies revealed a more complex picture, with some sources deviating from the standard correlation and instead populating distinct tracks. To date, all large studies of the radio:X-ray plane have combined data from multiple telescopes, introducing uncertainties due to differing instrument systematics and flux conversions between observing frequencies, thereby complicating comparisons and limiting constraints. ThunderKAT was a five-year programme on the MeerKAT radio telescope that monitored X-ray binaries in outburst, and ran alongside SwiftKAT which provided quasi-simultaneous Swift/XRT X-ray coverage. We present the full set of light curves from these programmes, comprising 948 radio and 1029 X-ray data points. An important finding is the frequent detection of unresolved radio emission during the soft state, likely dominated by previously launched jet ejecta. Using these data, we construct the largest, observationally homogeneous X-ray binary radio:X-ray plane to date. We relate these results to the physical mechanisms proposed to drive inter-source diversity, and outline directions for future observational and theoretical work. This paper is accompanied by a public data release of the ThunderKAT and SwiftKAT measurements and a compiled radio:X-ray plane, available through an interactive website.
title The Homogeneous MeerKAT and Swift/XRT X-ray Binary Radio:X-ray Plane
topic High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.14003