Optimizing Grid-Forming Controls using Relay-based Extremum Seeking to Enhance Transient Performance
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arXiv
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| Format: | Preprint |
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2026
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| _version_ | 1866911683791814656 |
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| author | Kwon, Kyung-Bin Yu, Min Gyung Mukherjee, Sayak Salsbury, Timothy I. |
| author_facet | Kwon, Kyung-Bin Yu, Min Gyung Mukherjee, Sayak Salsbury, Timothy I. |
| contents | Grid-forming (GFM) inverters are essential for enhancing stability in modern power systems with high penetration of inverter-based resources (IBRs). However, their performance highly depends on control parameters tuning, particularly the active power-frequency droop coefficient. This parameter presents a trade-off among competing objectives, including damping, settling time, rate of change of frequencies (RoCoF) and frequency nadirs. This paper proposes a real-time, adaptive optimization framework based on Extremum Seeking Control (ESC) to dynamically tune the GFM droop gain. A multi-objective cost function balances conflicting performance goals such as oscillation energy, frequency nadir, RoCoF, and post-disturbance settling performance. The approach is validated through numerical simulations on a modified IEEE 68-bus system. Results demonstrate that the cost function is convex with respect to the droop parameter, justifying gradient-based optimization. Furthermore, the ESC algorithm successfully tracks the time-varying optimal droop coefficient in real-time as network conditions change, thereby ensuring robust and near-optimal system performance without requiring an analytical grid model. |
| format | Preprint |
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arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2605_14161 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | Optimizing Grid-Forming Controls using Relay-based Extremum Seeking to Enhance Transient Performance Kwon, Kyung-Bin Yu, Min Gyung Mukherjee, Sayak Salsbury, Timothy I. Systems and Control Grid-forming (GFM) inverters are essential for enhancing stability in modern power systems with high penetration of inverter-based resources (IBRs). However, their performance highly depends on control parameters tuning, particularly the active power-frequency droop coefficient. This parameter presents a trade-off among competing objectives, including damping, settling time, rate of change of frequencies (RoCoF) and frequency nadirs. This paper proposes a real-time, adaptive optimization framework based on Extremum Seeking Control (ESC) to dynamically tune the GFM droop gain. A multi-objective cost function balances conflicting performance goals such as oscillation energy, frequency nadir, RoCoF, and post-disturbance settling performance. The approach is validated through numerical simulations on a modified IEEE 68-bus system. Results demonstrate that the cost function is convex with respect to the droop parameter, justifying gradient-based optimization. Furthermore, the ESC algorithm successfully tracks the time-varying optimal droop coefficient in real-time as network conditions change, thereby ensuring robust and near-optimal system performance without requiring an analytical grid model. |
| title | Optimizing Grid-Forming Controls using Relay-based Extremum Seeking to Enhance Transient Performance |
| topic | Systems and Control |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.14161 |