The critical activation density in graph bootstrap percolation

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Hauptverfasser: Kolesnik, Brett, Makai, Tamás, Nenadov, Rajko, Pérez-Giménez, Xavier, Prałat, Paweł, Zhukovskii, Maksim
Format: Preprint
Veröffentlicht: 2026
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author Kolesnik, Brett
Makai, Tamás
Nenadov, Rajko
Pérez-Giménez, Xavier
Prałat, Paweł
Zhukovskii, Maksim
author_facet Kolesnik, Brett
Makai, Tamás
Nenadov, Rajko
Pérez-Giménez, Xavier
Prałat, Paweł
Zhukovskii, Maksim
contents In graph bootstrap percolation, edges of an Erdős-Rényi random graph ${\mathcal G}_{n,p}$ are initially active. Activation spreads to other edges of the complete graph $K_n$ by an iterative process governed by a fixed graph $H$, whereby an edge becomes active whenever it is the only inactive edge in a copy of $H$. If all edges of $K_n$ are eventually activated, we say the process $H$-percolates. The case $H=K_3$ corresponds to the classical sharp threshold for connectivity in ${\mathcal G}_{n,p}$. When $H=K_4$, there are close connections with $2$-neighbor bootstrap percolation from statistical physics. Varying $H$ produces a wide range of behaviors. In this work, for every graph $H$, we locate the critical $H$-percolation threshold $p_c(n,H)$, answering a question of Balogh, Bollobás, and Morris. Our general methods recover and improve several previous results. The location of $p_c(n,H)$ is related to a critical limiting density $ρ(H)$ of graphs that most efficiently activate a given edge. Introducing the parameter $ρ(H)$ raises several questions. For instance, it remains open whether $ρ(H)$ is computable in general, and its expression appears to indicate when the $H$-percolation threshold is sharp.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2605_15066
institution arXiv
publishDate 2026
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle The critical activation density in graph bootstrap percolation
Kolesnik, Brett
Makai, Tamás
Nenadov, Rajko
Pérez-Giménez, Xavier
Prałat, Paweł
Zhukovskii, Maksim
Probability
Combinatorics
05C35, 05C80, 82B43, 68Q80
In graph bootstrap percolation, edges of an Erdős-Rényi random graph ${\mathcal G}_{n,p}$ are initially active. Activation spreads to other edges of the complete graph $K_n$ by an iterative process governed by a fixed graph $H$, whereby an edge becomes active whenever it is the only inactive edge in a copy of $H$. If all edges of $K_n$ are eventually activated, we say the process $H$-percolates. The case $H=K_3$ corresponds to the classical sharp threshold for connectivity in ${\mathcal G}_{n,p}$. When $H=K_4$, there are close connections with $2$-neighbor bootstrap percolation from statistical physics. Varying $H$ produces a wide range of behaviors. In this work, for every graph $H$, we locate the critical $H$-percolation threshold $p_c(n,H)$, answering a question of Balogh, Bollobás, and Morris. Our general methods recover and improve several previous results. The location of $p_c(n,H)$ is related to a critical limiting density $ρ(H)$ of graphs that most efficiently activate a given edge. Introducing the parameter $ρ(H)$ raises several questions. For instance, it remains open whether $ρ(H)$ is computable in general, and its expression appears to indicate when the $H$-percolation threshold is sharp.
title The critical activation density in graph bootstrap percolation
topic Probability
Combinatorics
05C35, 05C80, 82B43, 68Q80
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.15066