Misspecified Explore-then-Exploit Leads to Supra-Competitive Prices

Fuente: arXiv
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Autori principali: Baek, Jackie, Farias, Vivek F., Wu, Farrell
Natura: Preprint
Pubblicazione: 2026
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author Baek, Jackie
Farias, Vivek F.
Wu, Farrell
author_facet Baek, Jackie
Farias, Vivek F.
Wu, Farrell
contents We study whether simple algorithmic pricing systems can systematically produce collusive-like prices in multi-firm markets. We consider firms using an explore-then-exploit pipeline: they randomize prices during an initial exploration phase, then estimate demand from their own historical data and set prices myopically thereafter. The estimation step relies on a misspecified, monopoly-style model that omits competitors' prices. We characterize when this pipeline converges to supra-competitive prices above the Nash equilibrium, via a fluid-limit ordinary differential equation analysis. We show that supra-competitive prices arise when firms explore within similar price ranges on the same side of the Nash price. Moreover, prices can be substantially above the Nash price; we show that prices can reach monopoly levels under symmetric exploration. Simulations calibrated to a real multifamily rental market confirm that supra-competitive outcomes arise robustly beyond our theoretical assumptions, including under finite horizons, heterogeneous products, and nonlinear logit demand.
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id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2605_16064
institution arXiv
publishDate 2026
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Misspecified Explore-then-Exploit Leads to Supra-Competitive Prices
Baek, Jackie
Farias, Vivek F.
Wu, Farrell
Computer Science and Game Theory
Artificial Intelligence
Theoretical Economics
We study whether simple algorithmic pricing systems can systematically produce collusive-like prices in multi-firm markets. We consider firms using an explore-then-exploit pipeline: they randomize prices during an initial exploration phase, then estimate demand from their own historical data and set prices myopically thereafter. The estimation step relies on a misspecified, monopoly-style model that omits competitors' prices. We characterize when this pipeline converges to supra-competitive prices above the Nash equilibrium, via a fluid-limit ordinary differential equation analysis. We show that supra-competitive prices arise when firms explore within similar price ranges on the same side of the Nash price. Moreover, prices can be substantially above the Nash price; we show that prices can reach monopoly levels under symmetric exploration. Simulations calibrated to a real multifamily rental market confirm that supra-competitive outcomes arise robustly beyond our theoretical assumptions, including under finite horizons, heterogeneous products, and nonlinear logit demand.
title Misspecified Explore-then-Exploit Leads to Supra-Competitive Prices
topic Computer Science and Game Theory
Artificial Intelligence
Theoretical Economics
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.16064