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Main Authors: Reeves, Katharine K., Seaton, Daniel B., Cattell, Cynthia, Chen, Bin, David, Liam, Fraschetti, Federico, Giacalone, Joe, Hess, Phillip, Koval, Andryi, Longcope, Dana W., Mondal, Surajit, Moore, Christopher S., Musset, Sophie, Niembro, Tatiana, Pacheco, Daniel, Rivera, Yeimy J., Roy, Soumya, Sun, Xudong, Tripathi, Durgesh, Trotta, Domenico, West, Matthew J., Yu, Sijie, Zhu, Chunming
Format: Preprint
Published: 2026
Subjects:
Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Online Access:https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.16111
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Table of Contents:
  • We perform a detailed study of the energetics for a well-observed solar eruption and flare that occurred on 28 October 2021. This event included a GOES class X1.0 flare, a global EUV wave, and a coronal mass ejection that reached speeds of >2000 km/s. The event was observed from a variety of spacecraft in NASA's Heliophysics System Observatory, including multiple missions near Earth, STEREO-A off the Sun-Earth line, and Solar Orbiter, near the Sun-Earth line at about 0.8 au. Using remote sensing, in situ observations, and in some cases scaling laws based on previous observations, we characterize the following quantities: free magnetic energy, energy in non-thermal electrons, energy in non-thermal ions, bolometric energy, energy deposited in the chromosphere, thermal energy radiated in the flare loops, energy dissipated by the EUV wave, CME kinetic and gravitational potential energy, CME energy flux in the heliosphere, and the energy partition in the CME shock. We find that the total energy released during the event is consistent with estimates of the pre-event stored magnetic energy, and the CME kinetic + potential energy dominates the energy partition.

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