Evaluating the skill of a geometric early warning for tipping in a rapidly forced nonlinear system

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Hauptverfasser: Ritchie, Paul D. L., Kachhara, Sneha, Ashwin, Peter
Format: Preprint
Veröffentlicht: 2026
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author Ritchie, Paul D. L.
Kachhara, Sneha
Ashwin, Peter
author_facet Ritchie, Paul D. L.
Kachhara, Sneha
Ashwin, Peter
contents The future behavioural fate of a forced nonlinear system can depend sensitively on the forcing profile as well as natural fluctuations within the system. This is especially the case for rate-induced tipping, where the forcing pushes the system to a basin boundary of a future behaviour and small changes in the forcing can lead to drastically different eventual behaviours. This sensitivity may be present only for a limited period of time, for example when the forcing is most rapidly changing. Moreover, critical slowing down based methods fail to be informative in such cases. We investigate a geometric early warning to evaluate when a system is in such a sensitive state. This involves computing the R-tipping indicator, namely the signed distance to an approximate R-tipping threshold. The latter is a dynamic state that embeds knowledge of the system and future behaviour of the forcing. We contrast this with early warnings of bifurcation-induced tipping, where tipping is associated with passing a threshold on slow variation of forcing. As an example, we consider methods of early prediction of the future state for a 3-box model of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) with specified rapid forcing. We show that the skill of the geometric early warning compares favourably with simple thresholds.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2605_16128
institution arXiv
publishDate 2026
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Evaluating the skill of a geometric early warning for tipping in a rapidly forced nonlinear system
Ritchie, Paul D. L.
Kachhara, Sneha
Ashwin, Peter
Dynamical Systems
The future behavioural fate of a forced nonlinear system can depend sensitively on the forcing profile as well as natural fluctuations within the system. This is especially the case for rate-induced tipping, where the forcing pushes the system to a basin boundary of a future behaviour and small changes in the forcing can lead to drastically different eventual behaviours. This sensitivity may be present only for a limited period of time, for example when the forcing is most rapidly changing. Moreover, critical slowing down based methods fail to be informative in such cases. We investigate a geometric early warning to evaluate when a system is in such a sensitive state. This involves computing the R-tipping indicator, namely the signed distance to an approximate R-tipping threshold. The latter is a dynamic state that embeds knowledge of the system and future behaviour of the forcing. We contrast this with early warnings of bifurcation-induced tipping, where tipping is associated with passing a threshold on slow variation of forcing. As an example, we consider methods of early prediction of the future state for a 3-box model of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) with specified rapid forcing. We show that the skill of the geometric early warning compares favourably with simple thresholds.
title Evaluating the skill of a geometric early warning for tipping in a rapidly forced nonlinear system
topic Dynamical Systems
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.16128