Beyond Linear Superposition: Discovering Climate Features in AI Weather Models with KAN-SAE
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arXiv
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| Natura: | Preprint |
| Pubblicazione: |
2026
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| _version_ | 1866916020902428672 |
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| author | Cheon, Minjong |
| author_facet | Cheon, Minjong |
| contents | Deep learning weather prediction models achieve remarkable predictive skill yet remain largely opaque: we know little about how they represent physical climate phenomena internally. Mechanistic interpretability through Sparse Autoencoders (SAEs) offers a principled route to decomposing these representations, but existing SAEs assume strictly linear feature superposition - a constraint ill-suited for the highly nonlinear atmospheric dynamics encoded in modern transformers. We introduce KAN-SAE, a sparse autoencoder whose encoder replaces the standard ReLU with learnable per-feature B-spline activations drawn from Kolmogorov-Arnold Networks (KANs), allowing each latent dimension to develop its own nonlinear gating profile. Applied to Sonny, KAN-SAE discovers 975 alive features (vs. 566 for a linear baseline, a 72% improvement) with 20% lower inter-feature redundancy and comparable reconstruction fidelity. Without any climate supervision, KAN-SAE identifies an interpretable European heatwave feature spatially concentrated over western Europe, and a western Pacific typhoon tracker confirmed by causal steering experiments. Our results demonstrate that nonlinear activations are essential for mechanistic interpretability of deep learning weather prediction models, recovering climate features that remain invisible to linear baselines. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2605_17493 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | Beyond Linear Superposition: Discovering Climate Features in AI Weather Models with KAN-SAE Cheon, Minjong Machine Learning Artificial Intelligence Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics Deep learning weather prediction models achieve remarkable predictive skill yet remain largely opaque: we know little about how they represent physical climate phenomena internally. Mechanistic interpretability through Sparse Autoencoders (SAEs) offers a principled route to decomposing these representations, but existing SAEs assume strictly linear feature superposition - a constraint ill-suited for the highly nonlinear atmospheric dynamics encoded in modern transformers. We introduce KAN-SAE, a sparse autoencoder whose encoder replaces the standard ReLU with learnable per-feature B-spline activations drawn from Kolmogorov-Arnold Networks (KANs), allowing each latent dimension to develop its own nonlinear gating profile. Applied to Sonny, KAN-SAE discovers 975 alive features (vs. 566 for a linear baseline, a 72% improvement) with 20% lower inter-feature redundancy and comparable reconstruction fidelity. Without any climate supervision, KAN-SAE identifies an interpretable European heatwave feature spatially concentrated over western Europe, and a western Pacific typhoon tracker confirmed by causal steering experiments. Our results demonstrate that nonlinear activations are essential for mechanistic interpretability of deep learning weather prediction models, recovering climate features that remain invisible to linear baselines. |
| title | Beyond Linear Superposition: Discovering Climate Features in AI Weather Models with KAN-SAE |
| topic | Machine Learning Artificial Intelligence Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.17493 |