On the Failure of the Upper Bound in the Refined BMV Conjecture and a Pinching Correction
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arXiv
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| Format: | Preprint |
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2026
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| _version_ | 1866909052941893632 |
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| author | Dinh, Trung Hoa |
| author_facet | Dinh, Trung Hoa |
| contents | We analyze why the refined Bessis--Moussa--Villani conjecture fails. The refined conjecture proposed that the normalized trace average over all words with prescribed numbers of letters \(A\) and \(B\) should be bounded above by the clustered word \(\Tr(A^nB^m)\). Recent counterexamples of Cha show that this upper bound is false already for \(3\times3\) positive semidefinite matrices when \(n=m=5\). We explain the failure from the viewpoint of commutative common parts. The term \(\Tr(A^nB^m)\) is not the canonical common part of the pair \((A,B)\); it is only one clustered word. After pinching \(B\) relative to \(A\), the natural commuting contribution is \(\A_{n,m}(A,\EA(B))\). The off-diagonal complement \(B-\EA(B)\) creates spectral bridges, and mixed words can distribute the powers of \(A\) along closed cycles more efficiently than the clustered word. This gives a mechanism for finding counterexamples. Motivated by this mechanism, we propose a corrected pinching refinement \[
\A_{n,m}(A,B)\ge \A_{n,m}(A,\EA(B)). \] We prove this corrected conjecture in the case of two letters \(B\), obtaining a sandwich refinement \[
\A_{n,2}(A,\EA(B))
\le
\A_{n,2}(A,B)
\le
\Tr(A^nB^2). \] Thus, even where the old clustered upper bound remains true, the pinching viewpoint gives a sharper structural decomposition. |
| format | Preprint |
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arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2605_17782 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | On the Failure of the Upper Bound in the Refined BMV Conjecture and a Pinching Correction Dinh, Trung Hoa Combinatorics Functional Analysis Operator Algebras We analyze why the refined Bessis--Moussa--Villani conjecture fails. The refined conjecture proposed that the normalized trace average over all words with prescribed numbers of letters \(A\) and \(B\) should be bounded above by the clustered word \(\Tr(A^nB^m)\). Recent counterexamples of Cha show that this upper bound is false already for \(3\times3\) positive semidefinite matrices when \(n=m=5\). We explain the failure from the viewpoint of commutative common parts. The term \(\Tr(A^nB^m)\) is not the canonical common part of the pair \((A,B)\); it is only one clustered word. After pinching \(B\) relative to \(A\), the natural commuting contribution is \(\A_{n,m}(A,\EA(B))\). The off-diagonal complement \(B-\EA(B)\) creates spectral bridges, and mixed words can distribute the powers of \(A\) along closed cycles more efficiently than the clustered word. This gives a mechanism for finding counterexamples. Motivated by this mechanism, we propose a corrected pinching refinement \[ \A_{n,m}(A,B)\ge \A_{n,m}(A,\EA(B)). \] We prove this corrected conjecture in the case of two letters \(B\), obtaining a sandwich refinement \[ \A_{n,2}(A,\EA(B)) \le \A_{n,2}(A,B) \le \Tr(A^nB^2). \] Thus, even where the old clustered upper bound remains true, the pinching viewpoint gives a sharper structural decomposition. |
| title | On the Failure of the Upper Bound in the Refined BMV Conjecture and a Pinching Correction |
| topic | Combinatorics Functional Analysis Operator Algebras |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.17782 |