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Main Authors: Yan, Kang, Xiang, Luping, Zheng, Kang, Chen, Jienan, Liu, Jun, Liu, Qiang, Yang, Kun
Format: Preprint
Published: 2026
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Online Access:https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.17905
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author Yan, Kang
Xiang, Luping
Zheng, Kang
Chen, Jienan
Liu, Jun
Liu, Qiang
Yang, Kun
author_facet Yan, Kang
Xiang, Luping
Zheng, Kang
Chen, Jienan
Liu, Jun
Liu, Qiang
Yang, Kun
contents Seamlessly unifying communication and sensing, sixth-generation (6G) networks are poised to transform into intelligent platforms with high spectral-energy efficiency and real-time environmental awareness. In the low-altitude economy, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) enable air-ground integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) for applications such as logistics and inspection, yet most studies focus on single-UAV or homogeneous-agent designs. In contrast, this paper proposes a multi-UAV cooperative ISAC system that enables heterogeneous-agent collaboration between multiple UAVs and a ground base station (BS) for joint target sensing, tracking, and communication. The system is formulated as a posterior Cramer-Rao bound (PCRB) minimization problem under communication performance constraints, utilizing joint trajectory-beamforming optimization. To tackle the NP-hard nature of this problem, we design a curriculum-based heterogeneous-agent proximal policy optimization (C-HAPPO) algorithm, where curriculum learning guides progressive policy refinement and Kronecker/QR decomposition mitigates action dimensionality. Simulation results show that the proposed approach achieves more than a 30% improvement in sensing performance, faster convergence, and higher tracking accuracy than existing baselines, demonstrating its scalability and effectiveness for complex multi-UAV ISAC scenarios.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2605_17905
institution arXiv
publishDate 2026
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Curriculum-Guided Heterogeneous Multi-Agent Intelligence for Multi-UAV Cooperative ISAC
Yan, Kang
Xiang, Luping
Zheng, Kang
Chen, Jienan
Liu, Jun
Liu, Qiang
Yang, Kun
Signal Processing
Seamlessly unifying communication and sensing, sixth-generation (6G) networks are poised to transform into intelligent platforms with high spectral-energy efficiency and real-time environmental awareness. In the low-altitude economy, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) enable air-ground integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) for applications such as logistics and inspection, yet most studies focus on single-UAV or homogeneous-agent designs. In contrast, this paper proposes a multi-UAV cooperative ISAC system that enables heterogeneous-agent collaboration between multiple UAVs and a ground base station (BS) for joint target sensing, tracking, and communication. The system is formulated as a posterior Cramer-Rao bound (PCRB) minimization problem under communication performance constraints, utilizing joint trajectory-beamforming optimization. To tackle the NP-hard nature of this problem, we design a curriculum-based heterogeneous-agent proximal policy optimization (C-HAPPO) algorithm, where curriculum learning guides progressive policy refinement and Kronecker/QR decomposition mitigates action dimensionality. Simulation results show that the proposed approach achieves more than a 30% improvement in sensing performance, faster convergence, and higher tracking accuracy than existing baselines, demonstrating its scalability and effectiveness for complex multi-UAV ISAC scenarios.
title Curriculum-Guided Heterogeneous Multi-Agent Intelligence for Multi-UAV Cooperative ISAC
topic Signal Processing
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.17905