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Autores principales: Zhou, Hao, Li, Tianhao, Wang, Zhijun, She, Shuaijie, Wu, Linjuan, Wei, Hao-Ran, Yang, Baosong, Chen, Jiajun, Huang, Shujian
Formato: Preprint
Publicado: 2026
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Acceso en línea:https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.18083
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author Zhou, Hao
Li, Tianhao
Wang, Zhijun
She, Shuaijie
Wu, Linjuan
Wei, Hao-Ran
Yang, Baosong
Chen, Jiajun
Huang, Shujian
author_facet Zhou, Hao
Li, Tianhao
Wang, Zhijun
She, Shuaijie
Wu, Linjuan
Wei, Hao-Ran
Yang, Baosong
Chen, Jiajun
Huang, Shujian
contents Expanding Large Language Models~(LLMs) to new languages is a costly endeavor, demanding extensive Continued Pre-Training~(CPT) and data-intensive alignment. While recent data-free merging techniques attempt to bypass alignment by fusing a multilingual CPT-enhanced model with its instruct counterpart, they are plagued by a critical trade-off: mitigating parameter conflicts to preserve original abilities inevitably dilutes new language acquisition, and vice-versa. To resolve this conflict, we introduce \method, which upcycles a dense model into a Mixture-of-Experts~(MoE) architecture, allocating different experts to different languages. Alignment ability is then transferred by grafting a MoE-expanded parameter delta~($Δ_{\text{post}}$) to the CPT-enhanced base model, bypassing the complex alignment phase. Experiments demonstrate \method's superiority even against baselines with similar FLOPs or number of parameters; it improves performance on expanded languages while effectively preserving original capabilities. We further show our approach is highly applicable across different models and Post-training deltas.
format Preprint
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institution arXiv
publishDate 2026
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle A Data-Efficient Path to Multilingual LLMs: Language Expansion via Post-training PARAM$Δ$ Integration into Upcycled MoE
Zhou, Hao
Li, Tianhao
Wang, Zhijun
She, Shuaijie
Wu, Linjuan
Wei, Hao-Ran
Yang, Baosong
Chen, Jiajun
Huang, Shujian
Computation and Language
Expanding Large Language Models~(LLMs) to new languages is a costly endeavor, demanding extensive Continued Pre-Training~(CPT) and data-intensive alignment. While recent data-free merging techniques attempt to bypass alignment by fusing a multilingual CPT-enhanced model with its instruct counterpart, they are plagued by a critical trade-off: mitigating parameter conflicts to preserve original abilities inevitably dilutes new language acquisition, and vice-versa. To resolve this conflict, we introduce \method, which upcycles a dense model into a Mixture-of-Experts~(MoE) architecture, allocating different experts to different languages. Alignment ability is then transferred by grafting a MoE-expanded parameter delta~($Δ_{\text{post}}$) to the CPT-enhanced base model, bypassing the complex alignment phase. Experiments demonstrate \method's superiority even against baselines with similar FLOPs or number of parameters; it improves performance on expanded languages while effectively preserving original capabilities. We further show our approach is highly applicable across different models and Post-training deltas.
title A Data-Efficient Path to Multilingual LLMs: Language Expansion via Post-training PARAM$Δ$ Integration into Upcycled MoE
topic Computation and Language
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.18083