Optimal mitigation of random telegraph noise for improved photometry at high frame rates
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arXiv
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| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
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| Format: | Preprint |
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2026
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| _version_ | 1866916024946786304 |
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| author | Layden, Christopher Harbeck, Daniel-Rolf Deo-Dixit, Tejus Lourie, Nathan Furesz, Gabor Burdge, Kevin |
| author_facet | Layden, Christopher Harbeck, Daniel-Rolf Deo-Dixit, Tejus Lourie, Nathan Furesz, Gabor Burdge, Kevin |
| contents | Random telegraph noise (RTN) is a major contributor to read noise in many CMOS image sensors considered for astronomical use. While scientific CMOS image sensors deliver lower read noise than traditional charge-coupled devices, mitigating RTN would widen this gap and enable more precise photometry when using the fast readout rates achievable by CMOS image sensors. We report the levels of RTN in three CMOS image sensors used in astronomical instruments: the Sony IMX455, Gpixel GSENSE400, and Fairchild Imaging HWK4123. For the IMX455 in a high gain mode, RTN is the dominant source of pixels with high read noise and increases the overall read noise floor by >20%. RTN is present in the GSENSE400 and HWK4123 but to smaller effects. We compare two strategies for RTN mitigation: masking pixels exhibiting RTN or using a new algorithm for correcting RTN jumps. For faint (< 3 e-/pix/frame) observations of a stellar field with the IMX455, both masking and our algorithm improved the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of light curves by >5% on average. Larger improvements were achieved for sources falling on multiple RTN pixels. Our algorithm outperforms masking, especially when the point spread function is undersampled, masked pixels are near the source center, or read noise and shot noise are comparable. In such cases, masking may even deteriorate photometric precision. In other cases, masking remains an effective RTN mitigation technique. We have made available our software for identifying RTN pixels, parametrizing their bias level distributions, and applying our correction algorithm. |
| format | Preprint |
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arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2605_19022 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | Optimal mitigation of random telegraph noise for improved photometry at high frame rates Layden, Christopher Harbeck, Daniel-Rolf Deo-Dixit, Tejus Lourie, Nathan Furesz, Gabor Burdge, Kevin Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics Random telegraph noise (RTN) is a major contributor to read noise in many CMOS image sensors considered for astronomical use. While scientific CMOS image sensors deliver lower read noise than traditional charge-coupled devices, mitigating RTN would widen this gap and enable more precise photometry when using the fast readout rates achievable by CMOS image sensors. We report the levels of RTN in three CMOS image sensors used in astronomical instruments: the Sony IMX455, Gpixel GSENSE400, and Fairchild Imaging HWK4123. For the IMX455 in a high gain mode, RTN is the dominant source of pixels with high read noise and increases the overall read noise floor by >20%. RTN is present in the GSENSE400 and HWK4123 but to smaller effects. We compare two strategies for RTN mitigation: masking pixels exhibiting RTN or using a new algorithm for correcting RTN jumps. For faint (< 3 e-/pix/frame) observations of a stellar field with the IMX455, both masking and our algorithm improved the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of light curves by >5% on average. Larger improvements were achieved for sources falling on multiple RTN pixels. Our algorithm outperforms masking, especially when the point spread function is undersampled, masked pixels are near the source center, or read noise and shot noise are comparable. In such cases, masking may even deteriorate photometric precision. In other cases, masking remains an effective RTN mitigation technique. We have made available our software for identifying RTN pixels, parametrizing their bias level distributions, and applying our correction algorithm. |
| title | Optimal mitigation of random telegraph noise for improved photometry at high frame rates |
| topic | Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.19022 |