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Main Authors: Xu, Yiyao, Zhou, Hao, Wang, Yuhang, Sun, Jingran
Format: Preprint
Published: 2026
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Online Access:https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.19834
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author Xu, Yiyao
Zhou, Hao
Wang, Yuhang
Sun, Jingran
author_facet Xu, Yiyao
Zhou, Hao
Wang, Yuhang
Sun, Jingran
contents To support operations and passenger-facing services, transit agencies need reliable passenger load trajectories. Currently, load estimates are typically inferred from imperfect sensing systems rather than fully observed, and the accuracy of modern automatic passenger counting (APC) systems still varies with station layout, flow intensity, and operating conditions. To address the challenges of robust passenger load estimation from heterogeneous data streams, including incremental count errors, evidence conflicts, and context-dependent sensor reliability, we propose a closed-loop, state-centric, multi-agent framework. This method enforces physical feasibility at every step, allocates trust dynamically among evidence sources, and feeds physics-derived violation residuals back into training for robustness improvement. The architecture consists of a unified stop-event backbone, a coupled Perception--Physical--Fusion loop for stop-by-stop inference, and optional trip-level macro-correction and closed-loop calibration modules.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2605_19834
institution arXiv
publishDate 2026
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle A Closed-loop, State-centric, Multi-agent Framework for Passenger Load Estimation from Heterogeneous Data Streams
Xu, Yiyao
Zhou, Hao
Wang, Yuhang
Sun, Jingran
Machine Learning
Artificial Intelligence
Systems and Control
To support operations and passenger-facing services, transit agencies need reliable passenger load trajectories. Currently, load estimates are typically inferred from imperfect sensing systems rather than fully observed, and the accuracy of modern automatic passenger counting (APC) systems still varies with station layout, flow intensity, and operating conditions. To address the challenges of robust passenger load estimation from heterogeneous data streams, including incremental count errors, evidence conflicts, and context-dependent sensor reliability, we propose a closed-loop, state-centric, multi-agent framework. This method enforces physical feasibility at every step, allocates trust dynamically among evidence sources, and feeds physics-derived violation residuals back into training for robustness improvement. The architecture consists of a unified stop-event backbone, a coupled Perception--Physical--Fusion loop for stop-by-stop inference, and optional trip-level macro-correction and closed-loop calibration modules.
title A Closed-loop, State-centric, Multi-agent Framework for Passenger Load Estimation from Heterogeneous Data Streams
topic Machine Learning
Artificial Intelligence
Systems and Control
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.19834