Ultra-Large-Capacity Passive Quantum Access Network Powered By Single Thermal Source
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| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Preprint |
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2026
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| _version_ | 1866911698677399552 |
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| author | Xu, Yuehan Zhang, Qijun Liao, Xiaojuan Gao, Zidong Tan, Piao Liang, Xufeng Yin, Hanwen Huang, Peng Wang, Tao Zeng, Guihua |
| author_facet | Xu, Yuehan Zhang, Qijun Liao, Xiaojuan Gao, Zidong Tan, Piao Liang, Xufeng Yin, Hanwen Huang, Peng Wang, Tao Zeng, Guihua |
| contents | Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) provides secure keys for classical communications through one-time-pad (OTP) encryption with physical-law security. Advanced PON-based Classical Access Networks (CANs) support up to 256 users with a total rate of 10 Gbps (10-Gbps @ 256-users). The equivalent rate demand of OTP encryption requires QKD Access Networks (QANs) to reach comparable performance, yet state-of-the-art PON-based QANs remain far from this standard. To address this gap, we propose a passive Thermal-State QAN (TS-QAN) distributing polychromatic quantum randomness from a single thermal source and supporting 304 users with an aggregate secret key rate (SKR) of 13 Gbps (13-Gbps @ 304-users). This performance is enabled by three features. First, broadband thermal states with Bose-Einstein statistics can be represented, through the Glauber-Sudarshan representation, as high-bandwidth Gaussian coherent-state ensembles across frequency modes, eliminating many active modulators and quantum random number generators (QRNGs). Second, Electro-Optic (EO) comb beacons provide time-varying polychromatic phase tracking, so each frequency-mode thermal signal can be coherently measured with a Local Local Oscillator (LLO) aided by its beacon, without large-scale phase-locking networks. Third, state broadcasting allows each user to obtain independent final keys via reverse reconciliation after accounting for residual broadcast-induced correlations, expanding network capacity with small SKR losses. Experimentally, we verify a 13-Gbps @ 304-users TS-QAN using Continuous-Variable QKD (CV-QKD) under covariance-matrix-based network security analysis including multimode Holevo leakage and broadcast correlations. This work meets the SKR and capacity demands from CAN to QAN: 13-Gbps @ 304-users satisfies the 10-Gbps @ 256-users benchmark and provides a scalable solution for modern telecommunication systems. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2605_20077 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | Ultra-Large-Capacity Passive Quantum Access Network Powered By Single Thermal Source Xu, Yuehan Zhang, Qijun Liao, Xiaojuan Gao, Zidong Tan, Piao Liang, Xufeng Yin, Hanwen Huang, Peng Wang, Tao Zeng, Guihua Quantum Physics Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) provides secure keys for classical communications through one-time-pad (OTP) encryption with physical-law security. Advanced PON-based Classical Access Networks (CANs) support up to 256 users with a total rate of 10 Gbps (10-Gbps @ 256-users). The equivalent rate demand of OTP encryption requires QKD Access Networks (QANs) to reach comparable performance, yet state-of-the-art PON-based QANs remain far from this standard. To address this gap, we propose a passive Thermal-State QAN (TS-QAN) distributing polychromatic quantum randomness from a single thermal source and supporting 304 users with an aggregate secret key rate (SKR) of 13 Gbps (13-Gbps @ 304-users). This performance is enabled by three features. First, broadband thermal states with Bose-Einstein statistics can be represented, through the Glauber-Sudarshan representation, as high-bandwidth Gaussian coherent-state ensembles across frequency modes, eliminating many active modulators and quantum random number generators (QRNGs). Second, Electro-Optic (EO) comb beacons provide time-varying polychromatic phase tracking, so each frequency-mode thermal signal can be coherently measured with a Local Local Oscillator (LLO) aided by its beacon, without large-scale phase-locking networks. Third, state broadcasting allows each user to obtain independent final keys via reverse reconciliation after accounting for residual broadcast-induced correlations, expanding network capacity with small SKR losses. Experimentally, we verify a 13-Gbps @ 304-users TS-QAN using Continuous-Variable QKD (CV-QKD) under covariance-matrix-based network security analysis including multimode Holevo leakage and broadcast correlations. This work meets the SKR and capacity demands from CAN to QAN: 13-Gbps @ 304-users satisfies the 10-Gbps @ 256-users benchmark and provides a scalable solution for modern telecommunication systems. |
| title | Ultra-Large-Capacity Passive Quantum Access Network Powered By Single Thermal Source |
| topic | Quantum Physics |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.20077 |