Saved in:
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Preprint |
| Published: |
2026
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.21246 |
| Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
| _version_ | 1866917516687704064 |
|---|---|
| author | Formisano, Valeria Gentile, Danilo Mocerino, Gennaro Esposito Ponticorvo, Michela Gallo, Luigi Botta, Alessio Marocco, Davide |
| author_facet | Formisano, Valeria Gentile, Danilo Mocerino, Gennaro Esposito Ponticorvo, Michela Gallo, Luigi Botta, Alessio Marocco, Davide |
| contents | Phishing remains one of the most pervasive cybersecurity threats, shifting the focus from technological vulnerabilities to human cognitive and psychological factors. In coherence with the trend of studies on phishing to increasingly focus on human aspects and vulnerable users profiling, this study investigates the multidimensional nature of user susceptibility by analyzing data from the Spamley dataset, involving 1,086 participants evaluated through a realistic phishing detection task. Using Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), five latent constructs were identified, named: Seniority, Expertise, Creativity, Stability, and Vulnerability. Behavioral findings, validating self-reported impulsivity through its negative correlation with response times, demonstrate that faster decision-making significantly distinguishes vulnerable users from resilient ones. A K-Means clustering procedure, driven by the dimensions of Seniority (F1) and Creativity (F3), revealed two distinct user profiles: the Aware User and the High-Risk User. The results demonstrate that technical knowledge alone is insufficient to guarantee resilience; rather, the interaction between operational maturity, decision-making speed, and cognitive approach determines effectiveness. The findings suggest that the majority of users fall into the High-Risk category, characterized by hasty evaluation processes and lower critical analysis. These results underline the urgent need to move beyond "one-size-fits-all" training toward personalized, adaptive cybersecurity programs that actively address cognitive biases and behavioral tendencies. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2605_21246 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | Profiling User Vulnerability to Phishing Through Psychological and Behavioral Factors Formisano, Valeria Gentile, Danilo Mocerino, Gennaro Esposito Ponticorvo, Michela Gallo, Luigi Botta, Alessio Marocco, Davide Cryptography and Security Computers and Society Phishing remains one of the most pervasive cybersecurity threats, shifting the focus from technological vulnerabilities to human cognitive and psychological factors. In coherence with the trend of studies on phishing to increasingly focus on human aspects and vulnerable users profiling, this study investigates the multidimensional nature of user susceptibility by analyzing data from the Spamley dataset, involving 1,086 participants evaluated through a realistic phishing detection task. Using Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), five latent constructs were identified, named: Seniority, Expertise, Creativity, Stability, and Vulnerability. Behavioral findings, validating self-reported impulsivity through its negative correlation with response times, demonstrate that faster decision-making significantly distinguishes vulnerable users from resilient ones. A K-Means clustering procedure, driven by the dimensions of Seniority (F1) and Creativity (F3), revealed two distinct user profiles: the Aware User and the High-Risk User. The results demonstrate that technical knowledge alone is insufficient to guarantee resilience; rather, the interaction between operational maturity, decision-making speed, and cognitive approach determines effectiveness. The findings suggest that the majority of users fall into the High-Risk category, characterized by hasty evaluation processes and lower critical analysis. These results underline the urgent need to move beyond "one-size-fits-all" training toward personalized, adaptive cybersecurity programs that actively address cognitive biases and behavioral tendencies. |
| title | Profiling User Vulnerability to Phishing Through Psychological and Behavioral Factors |
| topic | Cryptography and Security Computers and Society |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.21246 |