Reconstruction of annual solar irradiance over the last three millennia
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arXiv
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| Autori principali: | , , , , |
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| Natura: | Preprint |
| Pubblicazione: |
2026
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| _version_ | 1866913152691601408 |
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| author | Temaj, D. Krivova, N. A. Solanki, S. K. Usoskin, I. G. Chatzistergos, T. |
| author_facet | Temaj, D. Krivova, N. A. Solanki, S. K. Usoskin, I. G. Chatzistergos, T. |
| contents | Solar irradiance measurements are limited to the last few decades, requiring reconstructions to assess solar variability on longer timescales and its impact on Earth's climate. We present the first physics-based reconstruction of total solar irradiance (TSI) at annual resolution over the last three millennia. The reconstruction is obtained by extending the SATIRE-T model beyond the telescopic era using recently published, annually resolved sunspot number series derived from cosmogenic isotope records. This yields a continuous, physics-based TSI record extending from the satellite era back over the last three millennia, with annual resolution throughout the pre-telescopic period. Over the full three-millennia interval, the reconstructed TSI exhibits a maximum difference of $1.04_{-0.2}^{+0.14}\,\mathrm{W\,m^{-2}}$, defined as the difference between the maximum and minimum of the 50-yr running mean values. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2605_22399 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | Reconstruction of annual solar irradiance over the last three millennia Temaj, D. Krivova, N. A. Solanki, S. K. Usoskin, I. G. Chatzistergos, T. Solar and Stellar Astrophysics Solar irradiance measurements are limited to the last few decades, requiring reconstructions to assess solar variability on longer timescales and its impact on Earth's climate. We present the first physics-based reconstruction of total solar irradiance (TSI) at annual resolution over the last three millennia. The reconstruction is obtained by extending the SATIRE-T model beyond the telescopic era using recently published, annually resolved sunspot number series derived from cosmogenic isotope records. This yields a continuous, physics-based TSI record extending from the satellite era back over the last three millennia, with annual resolution throughout the pre-telescopic period. Over the full three-millennia interval, the reconstructed TSI exhibits a maximum difference of $1.04_{-0.2}^{+0.14}\,\mathrm{W\,m^{-2}}$, defined as the difference between the maximum and minimum of the 50-yr running mean values. |
| title | Reconstruction of annual solar irradiance over the last three millennia |
| topic | Solar and Stellar Astrophysics |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.22399 |