Statistical Characterization of Wind-Induced Beam Refraction in Water-to-Air Optical Channels
Fuente:
arXiv
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Preprint |
| Veröffentlicht: |
2026
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | |
| Tags: |
Tag hinzufügen
Keine Tags, Fügen Sie den ersten Tag hinzu!
|
| _version_ | 1866916037762482176 |
|---|---|
| author | Nennouche, Mohamed Ijeh, Ikenna Chinazaekpere Khalighi, Mohammad-Ali |
| author_facet | Nennouche, Mohamed Ijeh, Ikenna Chinazaekpere Khalighi, Mohammad-Ali |
| contents | Direct water-to-air (W2A) optical communications experience strong beam refraction at the dynamic sea surface. This letter proposes a novel and tractable statistical channel model for a vertical W2A link between an underwater node and an unmanned aerial vehicle under varying wind speeds, modeling wind-induced pointing errors with a Beta mixture fitted via the Expectation-Maximization algorithm. By accounting for link interruptions due to total internal reflection (TIR) and receiver field-of-view limitations, we derive closed-form expressions for the channel distribution and link outage probability. Our analysis reveals a fundamental TIR-induced outage floor limiting link reliability and providing insight for robust W2A system design. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2605_22861 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | Statistical Characterization of Wind-Induced Beam Refraction in Water-to-Air Optical Channels Nennouche, Mohamed Ijeh, Ikenna Chinazaekpere Khalighi, Mohammad-Ali Signal Processing Optics Direct water-to-air (W2A) optical communications experience strong beam refraction at the dynamic sea surface. This letter proposes a novel and tractable statistical channel model for a vertical W2A link between an underwater node and an unmanned aerial vehicle under varying wind speeds, modeling wind-induced pointing errors with a Beta mixture fitted via the Expectation-Maximization algorithm. By accounting for link interruptions due to total internal reflection (TIR) and receiver field-of-view limitations, we derive closed-form expressions for the channel distribution and link outage probability. Our analysis reveals a fundamental TIR-induced outage floor limiting link reliability and providing insight for robust W2A system design. |
| title | Statistical Characterization of Wind-Induced Beam Refraction in Water-to-Air Optical Channels |
| topic | Signal Processing Optics |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.22861 |