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| Format: | Preprint |
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2026
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| Online Access: | https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.23831 |
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| _version_ | 1866910248678195200 |
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| author | Andrusenko, Julia Makdad, Chloe |
| author_facet | Andrusenko, Julia Makdad, Chloe |
| contents | 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Technical Report (TR) 38.901 channel models (Releases 15-19) are widely used for physical-layer design and system-level evaluation in dense urban outdoor-to-indoor (O2I) and indoor environments. These models capture ensemble-averaged channel statistics but do not account for site-specific geometry. In this paper, we compare Power Delay Profiles (PDPs) derived from a deterministic ray-tracing model (Remcom Wireless InSite software) with those from the 3GPP TR 38.901 Tapped Delay Line (TDL) channel models. This comparative analysis is performed using a dense urban O2I scenario and a representative single-story indoor layout modeled in Washington, D.C., under matched link-distance and Non-Line-of-Sight (NLOS) conditions. All Wireless InSite PDPs are power-normalized to enable comparison of relative multipath delay structure.
We evaluate root-mean-square (RMS) delay spread, mean excess delay, effective maximum delay, and Kullback-Leibler (KL) distribution divergence. Results indicate that 3GPP TDL models generally exhibit longer delay spreads and often fail to capture deterministic, site-specific features such as late-arriving energy and irregular spikes. While TDL models can approximate primary channel features in some cases, their reliance on ensemble-averaged statistics rather than geometry limits their representation of fine multipath structures. We conclude that while 3GPP TDL models are suitable for large-scale system evaluation, deterministic or hybrid approaches are more appropriate for site-specific physical-layer design. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2605_23831 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | Ray-Tracing vs. 3GPP TDL: Power Delay Profile Analysis in Outdoor-to-Indoor and Indoor Channels Andrusenko, Julia Makdad, Chloe Signal Processing 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Technical Report (TR) 38.901 channel models (Releases 15-19) are widely used for physical-layer design and system-level evaluation in dense urban outdoor-to-indoor (O2I) and indoor environments. These models capture ensemble-averaged channel statistics but do not account for site-specific geometry. In this paper, we compare Power Delay Profiles (PDPs) derived from a deterministic ray-tracing model (Remcom Wireless InSite software) with those from the 3GPP TR 38.901 Tapped Delay Line (TDL) channel models. This comparative analysis is performed using a dense urban O2I scenario and a representative single-story indoor layout modeled in Washington, D.C., under matched link-distance and Non-Line-of-Sight (NLOS) conditions. All Wireless InSite PDPs are power-normalized to enable comparison of relative multipath delay structure. We evaluate root-mean-square (RMS) delay spread, mean excess delay, effective maximum delay, and Kullback-Leibler (KL) distribution divergence. Results indicate that 3GPP TDL models generally exhibit longer delay spreads and often fail to capture deterministic, site-specific features such as late-arriving energy and irregular spikes. While TDL models can approximate primary channel features in some cases, their reliance on ensemble-averaged statistics rather than geometry limits their representation of fine multipath structures. We conclude that while 3GPP TDL models are suitable for large-scale system evaluation, deterministic or hybrid approaches are more appropriate for site-specific physical-layer design. |
| title | Ray-Tracing vs. 3GPP TDL: Power Delay Profile Analysis in Outdoor-to-Indoor and Indoor Channels |
| topic | Signal Processing |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.23831 |