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| Hauptverfasser: | , |
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| Format: | Preprint |
| Veröffentlicht: |
2026
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| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.23851 |
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| _version_ | 1866914592843628544 |
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| author | Mörlein, Leonardo Manteuffel, Dirk |
| author_facet | Mörlein, Leonardo Manteuffel, Dirk |
| contents | A surrogate-based synthesis framework for antenna arrays is presented that incorporates mutual coupling while keeping optimization computationally efficient. The method combines a common characteristic-mode basis, a global modal coupling model, and element-wise generalized scattering matrices (GSMs). Array design variables are formulated and optimized on physically meaningful manifolds, in particular the manifold of unitary symmetric matrices for reciprocal and lossless element GSMs. A staged penalty strategy is used to progressively enforce sidelobe and cross-polarization constraints during multi-beam optimization. The framework is demonstrated for an 8x8 left-handed circularly polarized patch phased array with scan behavior in one principal plane. Different degree-of-freedom assignment strategies are compared, showing that constrained non-identical element classes can satisfy stringent pattern requirements where equal-element designs fail. For the demonstrated case, the optimization converges within seconds on a single CPU core, and full-wave verification of the realized arrays confirms the predicted trends, with good agreement for the SLL and useful accuracy for the XPR. The results indicate that the proposed formulation is a practical and scalable route for coupling-aware array synthesis and realization. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2605_23851 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | A Manifold-Based Framework for Coupling-Aware Surrogate Optimization of Antenna Arrays Using Characteristic Modes Mörlein, Leonardo Manteuffel, Dirk Signal Processing A surrogate-based synthesis framework for antenna arrays is presented that incorporates mutual coupling while keeping optimization computationally efficient. The method combines a common characteristic-mode basis, a global modal coupling model, and element-wise generalized scattering matrices (GSMs). Array design variables are formulated and optimized on physically meaningful manifolds, in particular the manifold of unitary symmetric matrices for reciprocal and lossless element GSMs. A staged penalty strategy is used to progressively enforce sidelobe and cross-polarization constraints during multi-beam optimization. The framework is demonstrated for an 8x8 left-handed circularly polarized patch phased array with scan behavior in one principal plane. Different degree-of-freedom assignment strategies are compared, showing that constrained non-identical element classes can satisfy stringent pattern requirements where equal-element designs fail. For the demonstrated case, the optimization converges within seconds on a single CPU core, and full-wave verification of the realized arrays confirms the predicted trends, with good agreement for the SLL and useful accuracy for the XPR. The results indicate that the proposed formulation is a practical and scalable route for coupling-aware array synthesis and realization. |
| title | A Manifold-Based Framework for Coupling-Aware Surrogate Optimization of Antenna Arrays Using Characteristic Modes |
| topic | Signal Processing |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.23851 |