TCAD + Allpi$\text{x}^2$ Simulation study of MALTA2, a Depleted Monolithic Active Pixel Sensor for future tracking

Fuente: arXiv
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Autores principales: Li, L., Behera, P., Berlea, D. V., Bortoletto, D., Buttar, C., Chembakan, T., Dao, V., Dash, G., Enari, Y., Fasselt, L., Haberl, S., Inada, T., Isik, F. K., Issever, C., Li, X., Okazaki, Y., Pernegger, H., Riedler, P., Snoeys, W., Sanchez, C. A Solans, Swoboda, A., Cakir, I. Turk, van Rijnbach, M., Vijay, A., Worm, S.
Formato: Preprint
Publicado: 2026
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author Li, L.
Behera, P.
Berlea, D. V.
Bortoletto, D.
Buttar, C.
Chembakan, T.
Dao, V.
Dash, G.
Enari, Y.
Fasselt, L.
Haberl, S.
Inada, T.
Isik, F. K.
Issever, C.
Li, X.
Okazaki, Y.
Pernegger, H.
Riedler, P.
Snoeys, W.
Sanchez, C. A Solans
Swoboda, A.
Cakir, I. Turk
van Rijnbach, M.
Vijay, A.
Worm, S.
author_facet Li, L.
Behera, P.
Berlea, D. V.
Bortoletto, D.
Buttar, C.
Chembakan, T.
Dao, V.
Dash, G.
Enari, Y.
Fasselt, L.
Haberl, S.
Inada, T.
Isik, F. K.
Issever, C.
Li, X.
Okazaki, Y.
Pernegger, H.
Riedler, P.
Snoeys, W.
Sanchez, C. A Solans
Swoboda, A.
Cakir, I. Turk
van Rijnbach, M.
Vijay, A.
Worm, S.
contents In this work, a hybrid simulation framework combining TCAD and Allpi$\text{x}^2$ is presented to investigate the sensor properties of MALTA2, a depleted monolithic active pixel sensor designed for future tracking. The study starts from 3D modeling and transient simulations in TCAD, with generic doping profiles and simple well structures. The resulting doping profiles and electric field are extracted and fed into Allpi$\text{x}^2$ for high-statistics Monte Carlo simulations in both DUT-only and full-telescope mode. Simulations reveal a strong dependence of sensor performance, specifically the detection efficiency and cluster size, on the doping concentration of the N-type blanket at the sensor surface. The doping concentration is then optimized by comparing simulations with measurement data. The active depth of the depleted region of the MALTA2 sensor is estimated in both simulations and measurements using a grazing angle method, in which the sensor is positioned at various inclinations relative to the beam, covering angles from 0 to 60 degrees. Excellent agreement on active depth is obtained with the optimal doping concentration, showing a deviation of 2\% from the measured value at a threshold of 450\,$\text{e}^-$. Consequently, the framework offers a generic toolkit for sensor studies without requiring proprietary information.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2605_23860
institution arXiv
publishDate 2026
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle TCAD + Allpi$\text{x}^2$ Simulation study of MALTA2, a Depleted Monolithic Active Pixel Sensor for future tracking
Li, L.
Behera, P.
Berlea, D. V.
Bortoletto, D.
Buttar, C.
Chembakan, T.
Dao, V.
Dash, G.
Enari, Y.
Fasselt, L.
Haberl, S.
Inada, T.
Isik, F. K.
Issever, C.
Li, X.
Okazaki, Y.
Pernegger, H.
Riedler, P.
Snoeys, W.
Sanchez, C. A Solans
Swoboda, A.
Cakir, I. Turk
van Rijnbach, M.
Vijay, A.
Worm, S.
Instrumentation and Detectors
High Energy Physics - Experiment
In this work, a hybrid simulation framework combining TCAD and Allpi$\text{x}^2$ is presented to investigate the sensor properties of MALTA2, a depleted monolithic active pixel sensor designed for future tracking. The study starts from 3D modeling and transient simulations in TCAD, with generic doping profiles and simple well structures. The resulting doping profiles and electric field are extracted and fed into Allpi$\text{x}^2$ for high-statistics Monte Carlo simulations in both DUT-only and full-telescope mode. Simulations reveal a strong dependence of sensor performance, specifically the detection efficiency and cluster size, on the doping concentration of the N-type blanket at the sensor surface. The doping concentration is then optimized by comparing simulations with measurement data. The active depth of the depleted region of the MALTA2 sensor is estimated in both simulations and measurements using a grazing angle method, in which the sensor is positioned at various inclinations relative to the beam, covering angles from 0 to 60 degrees. Excellent agreement on active depth is obtained with the optimal doping concentration, showing a deviation of 2\% from the measured value at a threshold of 450\,$\text{e}^-$. Consequently, the framework offers a generic toolkit for sensor studies without requiring proprietary information.
title TCAD + Allpi$\text{x}^2$ Simulation study of MALTA2, a Depleted Monolithic Active Pixel Sensor for future tracking
topic Instrumentation and Detectors
High Energy Physics - Experiment
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.23860