Implicit Binarization via Complex Phase Dynamics in Combinatorial Optimization

Fuente: arXiv
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Main Authors: Cohen, Khen, Glass, Mark, Feder, Meir, Oz, Yaron
Format: Preprint
Published: 2026
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author Cohen, Khen
Glass, Mark
Feder, Meir
Oz, Yaron
author_facet Cohen, Khen
Glass, Mark
Feder, Meir
Oz, Yaron
contents We introduce a physics-inspired continuous relaxation framework that yields substantially improved solutions for NP-hard combinatorial optimization problems, including Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization (QUBO), binary sparse coding, and planted-solution Ising models. By parameterizing discrete binary variables as continuous wave-like states on the complex unit circle, we inherently smooth highly non-convex energy landscapes. We show that representing binary variables as complex phases reveals an implicit regularization mechanism that promotes convergence toward discrete states. Extracting this mechanism yields significant improvements even within standard real-valued optimization frameworks, using this regularizer explicitly. Empirically, this regularization yields vastly higher ground-state convergence rates than standard real-valued alternatives. Our models achieved zero error in large-scale 160x160 QUBO tasks under severe noise (sigma=0.25), and outperformed traditional algorithms (OMP and LASSO) in underdefined sparse coding with perfect recovery at sigma=0.15. The solver's robustness was further validated by recovering exact ground-state configurations in 8 out of 11 rigorously engineered planted-solution benchmarks.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2605_24502
institution arXiv
publishDate 2026
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Implicit Binarization via Complex Phase Dynamics in Combinatorial Optimization
Cohen, Khen
Glass, Mark
Feder, Meir
Oz, Yaron
Statistical Mechanics
Machine Learning
Combinatorics
Computational Physics
We introduce a physics-inspired continuous relaxation framework that yields substantially improved solutions for NP-hard combinatorial optimization problems, including Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization (QUBO), binary sparse coding, and planted-solution Ising models. By parameterizing discrete binary variables as continuous wave-like states on the complex unit circle, we inherently smooth highly non-convex energy landscapes. We show that representing binary variables as complex phases reveals an implicit regularization mechanism that promotes convergence toward discrete states. Extracting this mechanism yields significant improvements even within standard real-valued optimization frameworks, using this regularizer explicitly. Empirically, this regularization yields vastly higher ground-state convergence rates than standard real-valued alternatives. Our models achieved zero error in large-scale 160x160 QUBO tasks under severe noise (sigma=0.25), and outperformed traditional algorithms (OMP and LASSO) in underdefined sparse coding with perfect recovery at sigma=0.15. The solver's robustness was further validated by recovering exact ground-state configurations in 8 out of 11 rigorously engineered planted-solution benchmarks.
title Implicit Binarization via Complex Phase Dynamics in Combinatorial Optimization
topic Statistical Mechanics
Machine Learning
Combinatorics
Computational Physics
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.24502