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| Format: | Preprint |
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2026
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| Online Access: | https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.24514 |
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| _version_ | 1866916042221027328 |
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| author | Staykov, Stilyan |
| author_facet | Staykov, Stilyan |
| contents | Return panels, covariances, and large feature matrices evolve one observation or one entry at a time, yet downstream models require an up-to-date low-rank factorization $A_t \approx U_t Σ_t V_t^\top$ on every tick -- a regime where full SVD is prohibitive and existing alternatives sacrifice either singular vectors, singular values, or long-horizon stability. We present a practical, metric-driven study of Brand-style incremental SVD, built around a unified engine that handles row appends, column appends, rank-1 entry updates, and metrics tracking within a single framework, with two core contributions. For rank-1 entry updates, we derive an explicit projection-based rule $U'Σ'(V')^\top = P_U(\widehat{A} + δ\,e_ie_j^\top)P_V$ that keeps rank fixed while discarding only the out-of-subspace remainder in a quantifiable way, turning Brand's rank-suppression heuristic into an operational scheme. We then treat refresh scheduling as a first-class design axis, systematically comparing periodic, error-threshold, angle-threshold, and adaptive-rank policies on the accuracy-latency frontier. A unified framework tracks error ratios, principal angles, explained variance, and per-update runtime on long synthetic streams and a multi-asset ETF factor model for covariance and portfolio-risk estimation. With a sensible rank and refresh cadence, incremental SVD matches full-SVD accuracy within a few percent at a fraction of the cost, scaling to high-frequency regimes where batch SVDs are infeasible. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2605_24514 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | Incremental SVD for Large-Scale Dynamic Matrices: Accuracy, Subspace Stability, Refresh Strategies, and Financial Factor-Based Risk Models Staykov, Stilyan Numerical Analysis Risk Management 65F55 G.1.3 Return panels, covariances, and large feature matrices evolve one observation or one entry at a time, yet downstream models require an up-to-date low-rank factorization $A_t \approx U_t Σ_t V_t^\top$ on every tick -- a regime where full SVD is prohibitive and existing alternatives sacrifice either singular vectors, singular values, or long-horizon stability. We present a practical, metric-driven study of Brand-style incremental SVD, built around a unified engine that handles row appends, column appends, rank-1 entry updates, and metrics tracking within a single framework, with two core contributions. For rank-1 entry updates, we derive an explicit projection-based rule $U'Σ'(V')^\top = P_U(\widehat{A} + δ\,e_ie_j^\top)P_V$ that keeps rank fixed while discarding only the out-of-subspace remainder in a quantifiable way, turning Brand's rank-suppression heuristic into an operational scheme. We then treat refresh scheduling as a first-class design axis, systematically comparing periodic, error-threshold, angle-threshold, and adaptive-rank policies on the accuracy-latency frontier. A unified framework tracks error ratios, principal angles, explained variance, and per-update runtime on long synthetic streams and a multi-asset ETF factor model for covariance and portfolio-risk estimation. With a sensible rank and refresh cadence, incremental SVD matches full-SVD accuracy within a few percent at a fraction of the cost, scaling to high-frequency regimes where batch SVDs are infeasible. |
| title | Incremental SVD for Large-Scale Dynamic Matrices: Accuracy, Subspace Stability, Refresh Strategies, and Financial Factor-Based Risk Models |
| topic | Numerical Analysis Risk Management 65F55 G.1.3 |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.24514 |