HeartBeatAI: An Interpretable and Robust Deep Learning Framework for Multi-Label ECG Arrhythmia Detection
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arXiv
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| Format: | Preprint |
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2026
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| _version_ | 1866913159280852992 |
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| author | Gupta, Shubham Panwar, Nikhil Roy, Partha Pratim |
| author_facet | Gupta, Shubham Panwar, Nikhil Roy, Partha Pratim |
| contents | While Deep Learning (DL) enhances automated electrocardiogram (ECG) analysis, clinical deployment is hindered by class imbalance and the generalization gap. This paper presents HeartBeatAI, a deep learning framework combining domain generalization, multi-scale feature aggregation, and clinical explainability for robust 12-lead ECG classification. Moving beyond image-based paradigms, HeartBeatAI integrates a Squeeze-and-Excitation (SE) ResNet to isolate diagnostic leads alongside a Multi-Layer Concentration Pipeline to capture macro-rhythm and micro-morphological anomalies. To mitigate domain shift, the framework employs MixStyle regularization and Label Smoothing. Rigorous benchmarking across four large-scale datasets using intra-source and Leave-One-Domain-Out (LODO) protocols demonstrates high performance (98% Macro F1-score) under intra-source conditions. However, LODO evaluations reveal significant degradation in detecting rare anomalies, highlighting a persistent challenge in cross-institutional deployment. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2605_24588 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | HeartBeatAI: An Interpretable and Robust Deep Learning Framework for Multi-Label ECG Arrhythmia Detection Gupta, Shubham Panwar, Nikhil Roy, Partha Pratim Artificial Intelligence Machine Learning While Deep Learning (DL) enhances automated electrocardiogram (ECG) analysis, clinical deployment is hindered by class imbalance and the generalization gap. This paper presents HeartBeatAI, a deep learning framework combining domain generalization, multi-scale feature aggregation, and clinical explainability for robust 12-lead ECG classification. Moving beyond image-based paradigms, HeartBeatAI integrates a Squeeze-and-Excitation (SE) ResNet to isolate diagnostic leads alongside a Multi-Layer Concentration Pipeline to capture macro-rhythm and micro-morphological anomalies. To mitigate domain shift, the framework employs MixStyle regularization and Label Smoothing. Rigorous benchmarking across four large-scale datasets using intra-source and Leave-One-Domain-Out (LODO) protocols demonstrates high performance (98% Macro F1-score) under intra-source conditions. However, LODO evaluations reveal significant degradation in detecting rare anomalies, highlighting a persistent challenge in cross-institutional deployment. |
| title | HeartBeatAI: An Interpretable and Robust Deep Learning Framework for Multi-Label ECG Arrhythmia Detection |
| topic | Artificial Intelligence Machine Learning |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.24588 |