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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Zhang, Xiaotian, Albazroun, Ali, Wang, Tixian, Cui, Songyuan, Mehta, Prashant G., Gazzola, Mattia
Format: Preprint
Published: 2026
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Online Access:https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.24985
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Table of Contents:
  • Limbless terrestrial animals exhibit exceptional locomotor versatility and control, currently unmatched by engineered counterparts. Here, we introduce a computational framework that enables soft synthetic snakes to navigate unstructured, heterogeneous 3D terrains. Our approach is grounded in bio-inspired actuation and sensing models that reduce the control complexity inherent to high-degree-of-freedom, continuum bodies. These models are integrated into a reinforcement learning architecture to derive environment-traversing policies. Training first occurs in simplified, homogeneous terrains to learn locomotion primitives. These are then composed into adaptive strategies for complex landscapes. We demonstrate robustness by deploying a snake in high-fidelity 3D environments reconstructed from real-world imaging, achieving reliable navigation. Overall, this work provides a physically-realistic simulation platform and practical insights for the control of continuum systems in natural terrains.