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Hauptverfasser: Kong, Minwei, Jiang, Chonghe, Qu, Ao, Ouyang, Wenbin, Zeng, Zhaoming, Guo, Xiaotong, Li, Zhekai, Li, Junyi, Fan, Yi, Zheng, Xinshou, Jing, Xi, Zhang, Yikai, Liang, Zhiwei, Kim, Seonghoo, Yang, Runqing, Zhou, Zijian, Li, Sirui, Zheng, Han, Ying, Wangyang, Zheng, Ou, Wang, Chonghuan, Zhao, Jinglong, Qin, Hanzhang, Wu, Cathy, Liang, Paul Pu, Zhao, Jinhua, Wang, Hai
Format: Preprint
Veröffentlicht: 2026
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Online-Zugang:https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.25246
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author Kong, Minwei
Jiang, Chonghe
Qu, Ao
Ouyang, Wenbin
Zeng, Zhaoming
Guo, Xiaotong
Li, Zhekai
Li, Junyi
Fan, Yi
Zheng, Xinshou
Jing, Xi
Zhang, Yikai
Liang, Zhiwei
Kim, Seonghoo
Yang, Runqing
Zhou, Zijian
Li, Sirui
Zheng, Han
Ying, Wangyang
Zheng, Ou
Wang, Chonghuan
Zhao, Jinglong
Qin, Hanzhang
Wu, Cathy
Liang, Paul Pu
Zhao, Jinhua
Wang, Hai
author_facet Kong, Minwei
Jiang, Chonghe
Qu, Ao
Ouyang, Wenbin
Zeng, Zhaoming
Guo, Xiaotong
Li, Zhekai
Li, Junyi
Fan, Yi
Zheng, Xinshou
Jing, Xi
Zhang, Yikai
Liang, Zhiwei
Kim, Seonghoo
Yang, Runqing
Zhou, Zijian
Li, Sirui
Zheng, Han
Ying, Wangyang
Zheng, Ou
Wang, Chonghuan
Zhao, Jinglong
Qin, Hanzhang
Wu, Cathy
Liang, Paul Pu
Zhao, Jinhua
Wang, Hai
contents Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used for optimization modeling and solver-code generation, yet practical operations research and optimization problems often require a harder capability: designing scalable algorithms that exploit problem structure and outperform direct formulation-and-solve baselines. Existing benchmarks are limited to small or simplified examples far below real-world scale and complexity. We introduce FrontierOR, among the first benchmarks to systematically evaluate LLM-based efficient algorithm design for realistic large-scale optimization problems. FrontierOR includes 180 tasks derived from methodologically diverse papers published in top-tier operations research venues, each with standardized instances and a hidden, expert-verified evaluation suite. We evaluate seven LLMs spanning frontier, cost-effective, and open-source models both in one-shot and test-time evolution settings. The results reveal that frontier models still struggle to move from executable formulations to efficient optimization algorithms: the strongest one-shot model outperforms Gurobi in only 31% of cases in both solution quality and computational efficiency, and even strong coding agents with test-time evolution achieve only 50% on selected hard tasks. FrontierOR establishes a practical evaluation platform for LLM-based optimization algorithm design, which enables future LLMs and agents to be systematically tested on whether they can move beyond correct formulation toward a feasible, high-quality, and efficient algorithm. Code and data are publicly released at https://github.com/Minw913/FrontierOR.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2605_25246
institution arXiv
publishDate 2026
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle FrontierOR: Benchmarking LLMs' Capacity for Efficient Algorithm Design in Large-Scale Optimization
Kong, Minwei
Jiang, Chonghe
Qu, Ao
Ouyang, Wenbin
Zeng, Zhaoming
Guo, Xiaotong
Li, Zhekai
Li, Junyi
Fan, Yi
Zheng, Xinshou
Jing, Xi
Zhang, Yikai
Liang, Zhiwei
Kim, Seonghoo
Yang, Runqing
Zhou, Zijian
Li, Sirui
Zheng, Han
Ying, Wangyang
Zheng, Ou
Wang, Chonghuan
Zhao, Jinglong
Qin, Hanzhang
Wu, Cathy
Liang, Paul Pu
Zhao, Jinhua
Wang, Hai
Artificial Intelligence
Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used for optimization modeling and solver-code generation, yet practical operations research and optimization problems often require a harder capability: designing scalable algorithms that exploit problem structure and outperform direct formulation-and-solve baselines. Existing benchmarks are limited to small or simplified examples far below real-world scale and complexity. We introduce FrontierOR, among the first benchmarks to systematically evaluate LLM-based efficient algorithm design for realistic large-scale optimization problems. FrontierOR includes 180 tasks derived from methodologically diverse papers published in top-tier operations research venues, each with standardized instances and a hidden, expert-verified evaluation suite. We evaluate seven LLMs spanning frontier, cost-effective, and open-source models both in one-shot and test-time evolution settings. The results reveal that frontier models still struggle to move from executable formulations to efficient optimization algorithms: the strongest one-shot model outperforms Gurobi in only 31% of cases in both solution quality and computational efficiency, and even strong coding agents with test-time evolution achieve only 50% on selected hard tasks. FrontierOR establishes a practical evaluation platform for LLM-based optimization algorithm design, which enables future LLMs and agents to be systematically tested on whether they can move beyond correct formulation toward a feasible, high-quality, and efficient algorithm. Code and data are publicly released at https://github.com/Minw913/FrontierOR.
title FrontierOR: Benchmarking LLMs' Capacity for Efficient Algorithm Design in Large-Scale Optimization
topic Artificial Intelligence
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.25246