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| Main Authors: | , , |
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| Format: | Preprint |
| Published: |
2026
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.25325 |
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| _version_ | 1866914598902300672 |
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| author | Orlovskij, Dominik To, Andy S. H. Long, David M. |
| author_facet | Orlovskij, Dominik To, Andy S. H. Long, David M. |
| contents | Sulphur, with a first ionisation potential (FIP) of 10.36 eV, lies at the boundary between low- and high-FIP elements, making it particularly sensitive to fractionation processes in the solar atmosphere. Sulphur exhibits variable behaviour across solar environments, with coronal remote sensing studies often observing it as a high-FIP element while in-situ measurements sometimes detect low-FIP-like enhancement. Sulphur also exhibits variable behaviour during flares and magnetic restructuring. To understand sulphur's variations, we quantify how sulphur's FIP bias depends on potential field source surface (PFSS)-derived loop properties. We analyse nine Hinode/EUV Imaging Spectrometer (EIS) raster observations using four diagnostic line pairs (Si X 258.37 A / S X 264.23 A, S XI 188.68 A / Ar XI 188.81 A, Ca XIV 193.87 A / Ar XIV 194.40 A, and Fe XVI 262.98 A / S XIII 256.69 A), with FIP biases derived using differential emission measures (DEM) calculated via regularised inversion. Our results show that abundances of low-FIP elements, including sulphur, decrease above approximately 150 G relative to the high-FIP element Ar, while showing no dependence on loop length. This provides evidence that FIP fractionation is modulated by mean magnetic field strength of coronal loops. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2605_25325 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | Signs of Sulphur fractionation under high magnetic field strength Orlovskij, Dominik To, Andy S. H. Long, David M. Solar and Stellar Astrophysics Sulphur, with a first ionisation potential (FIP) of 10.36 eV, lies at the boundary between low- and high-FIP elements, making it particularly sensitive to fractionation processes in the solar atmosphere. Sulphur exhibits variable behaviour across solar environments, with coronal remote sensing studies often observing it as a high-FIP element while in-situ measurements sometimes detect low-FIP-like enhancement. Sulphur also exhibits variable behaviour during flares and magnetic restructuring. To understand sulphur's variations, we quantify how sulphur's FIP bias depends on potential field source surface (PFSS)-derived loop properties. We analyse nine Hinode/EUV Imaging Spectrometer (EIS) raster observations using four diagnostic line pairs (Si X 258.37 A / S X 264.23 A, S XI 188.68 A / Ar XI 188.81 A, Ca XIV 193.87 A / Ar XIV 194.40 A, and Fe XVI 262.98 A / S XIII 256.69 A), with FIP biases derived using differential emission measures (DEM) calculated via regularised inversion. Our results show that abundances of low-FIP elements, including sulphur, decrease above approximately 150 G relative to the high-FIP element Ar, while showing no dependence on loop length. This provides evidence that FIP fractionation is modulated by mean magnetic field strength of coronal loops. |
| title | Signs of Sulphur fractionation under high magnetic field strength |
| topic | Solar and Stellar Astrophysics |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.25325 |