Shape Derivatives for Maxwell's Equations with Nonlinear Boundary Conditions

Fuente: arXiv
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Autores principales: Deng, Chao, Gao, Yixian
Formato: Preprint
Publicado: 2026
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author Deng, Chao
Gao, Yixian
author_facet Deng, Chao
Gao, Yixian
contents This paper develops a trace-regular variational framework for time-harmonic Maxwell scattering problems involving pointwise nonlinear boundary and interface responses. We investigate three canonical classes of models: nonlinear impedance, nonlinear perfect electric conductor, and nonlinear transmission conditions. Since the standard Maxwell tangential trace belongs to a space of negative order, the nonlinearities are formulated in refined functional spaces where the tangential electric field admits an $L^2(Γ)$-trace. Under the assumption of a sufficiently small Lipschitz constant for the nonlinear response, we establish the well-posedness of the direct problems via fixed-point arguments leveraging the mapping properties of the associated linear Maxwell operators. Within this framework, we perform a rigorous sensitivity analysis of the electromagnetic fields with respect to perturbations of the scattering interface. By employing the covariant Piola transform, we prove the continuity and Fréchet differentiability of the pulled-back solutions with respect to domain variations. The material derivative is characterized as the unique solution to a corresponding $\mathbb{R}$-linearized Maxwell system, and the shape derivative is shown to satisfy explicit boundary or interface conditions for each of the three nonlinear models. We further demonstrate that the resulting sensitivity expressions possess the Hadamard structure, depending exclusively on the normal component of the boundary deformation. The resulting derivative characterizations provide a mathematical basis for subsequent adjoint-based sensitivity analysis, shape optimization, and gradient-driven inverse reconstruction.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2605_25579
institution arXiv
publishDate 2026
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Shape Derivatives for Maxwell's Equations with Nonlinear Boundary Conditions
Deng, Chao
Gao, Yixian
Analysis of PDEs
35Q61, 35B30, 49J50, 78M50
This paper develops a trace-regular variational framework for time-harmonic Maxwell scattering problems involving pointwise nonlinear boundary and interface responses. We investigate three canonical classes of models: nonlinear impedance, nonlinear perfect electric conductor, and nonlinear transmission conditions. Since the standard Maxwell tangential trace belongs to a space of negative order, the nonlinearities are formulated in refined functional spaces where the tangential electric field admits an $L^2(Γ)$-trace. Under the assumption of a sufficiently small Lipschitz constant for the nonlinear response, we establish the well-posedness of the direct problems via fixed-point arguments leveraging the mapping properties of the associated linear Maxwell operators. Within this framework, we perform a rigorous sensitivity analysis of the electromagnetic fields with respect to perturbations of the scattering interface. By employing the covariant Piola transform, we prove the continuity and Fréchet differentiability of the pulled-back solutions with respect to domain variations. The material derivative is characterized as the unique solution to a corresponding $\mathbb{R}$-linearized Maxwell system, and the shape derivative is shown to satisfy explicit boundary or interface conditions for each of the three nonlinear models. We further demonstrate that the resulting sensitivity expressions possess the Hadamard structure, depending exclusively on the normal component of the boundary deformation. The resulting derivative characterizations provide a mathematical basis for subsequent adjoint-based sensitivity analysis, shape optimization, and gradient-driven inverse reconstruction.
title Shape Derivatives for Maxwell's Equations with Nonlinear Boundary Conditions
topic Analysis of PDEs
35Q61, 35B30, 49J50, 78M50
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.25579