Early- and Late-Time Modifications to $Λ$CDM: Implications for the Hubble Tension

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Main Authors: Dhyani, Rahul, Mukherjee, Purba, Chatterjee, Arindam, Sen, Anjan A
Format: Preprint
Published: 2026
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author Dhyani, Rahul
Mukherjee, Purba
Chatterjee, Arindam
Sen, Anjan A
author_facet Dhyani, Rahul
Mukherjee, Purba
Chatterjee, Arindam
Sen, Anjan A
contents We investigate an extension of $Λ$CDM in which a fraction of cold Dark Matter (DM) decays into invisible dark radiation (DR) around the radiation-matter equality epoch, together with a non-standard dark energy (DE) equation of state characterized by $w_0$. The decaying DM component modifies the early expansion history and reduces the sound horizon at baryon drag, while the DE alters the expansion rate at the late times. A comprehensive analysis combining \texttt{Planck 2018+ACT DR6+DESI DR2+CMB lensing} datasets has been carried out to explore the viability of this framework in addressing the $H_0$ tension. This model yields a Hubble constant of $H_0 = 69.83 \pm 0.98~\mathrm{km\,s^{-1}\,Mpc^{-1}}$, reducing the discrepancy with SH0ES measurement to ${\sim}2.2σ$ and local distance network measurement (H0DN) to ${\sim}2.9σ$. Further, considering \texttt{SH0ES} and \texttt{Pantheon+}, the inferred value of the Hubble constant becomes $H_0 = 70.20 \pm 0.66~\mathrm{km\,s^{-1}\,Mpc^{-1}}$. The Bayesian evidence suggests that this framework offers a fit to the relevant cosmological datasets at a statistically similar level as $Λ$CDM. It is observed that correlated early- and late-time modifications to the cosmological expansion history provide a more effective route to reducing the $H_0$ tension than either class of modification alone.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2605_26050
institution arXiv
publishDate 2026
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Early- and Late-Time Modifications to $Λ$CDM: Implications for the Hubble Tension
Dhyani, Rahul
Mukherjee, Purba
Chatterjee, Arindam
Sen, Anjan A
Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
High Energy Physics - Phenomenology
We investigate an extension of $Λ$CDM in which a fraction of cold Dark Matter (DM) decays into invisible dark radiation (DR) around the radiation-matter equality epoch, together with a non-standard dark energy (DE) equation of state characterized by $w_0$. The decaying DM component modifies the early expansion history and reduces the sound horizon at baryon drag, while the DE alters the expansion rate at the late times. A comprehensive analysis combining \texttt{Planck 2018+ACT DR6+DESI DR2+CMB lensing} datasets has been carried out to explore the viability of this framework in addressing the $H_0$ tension. This model yields a Hubble constant of $H_0 = 69.83 \pm 0.98~\mathrm{km\,s^{-1}\,Mpc^{-1}}$, reducing the discrepancy with SH0ES measurement to ${\sim}2.2σ$ and local distance network measurement (H0DN) to ${\sim}2.9σ$. Further, considering \texttt{SH0ES} and \texttt{Pantheon+}, the inferred value of the Hubble constant becomes $H_0 = 70.20 \pm 0.66~\mathrm{km\,s^{-1}\,Mpc^{-1}}$. The Bayesian evidence suggests that this framework offers a fit to the relevant cosmological datasets at a statistically similar level as $Λ$CDM. It is observed that correlated early- and late-time modifications to the cosmological expansion history provide a more effective route to reducing the $H_0$ tension than either class of modification alone.
title Early- and Late-Time Modifications to $Λ$CDM: Implications for the Hubble Tension
topic Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
High Energy Physics - Phenomenology
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.26050