Constraining Early Dark Energy cosmological models with Big Bang Nucleosynthesis

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Main Authors: Matei, Teodora M., Croitoru, Cristian, Harko, Tiberiu
Format: Preprint
Published: 2026
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author Matei, Teodora M.
Croitoru, Cristian
Harko, Tiberiu
author_facet Matei, Teodora M.
Croitoru, Cristian
Harko, Tiberiu
contents The recent cosmological picture contains a significant tension indicating that our standard $Λ$CDM picture may be incomplete. Early Dark Energy models can alleviate the Hubble tension, by assuming an early acceleration that could explain the divergence between the early and late-time cosmological data. We investigate the implications of Early Dark Energy models on the Big Bang Nucleosynthesis processes by considering several cosmological models, including a model assuming a simple cosmological constant, alongside with varying equations of state dark energy models. We construct a simulator through a nested sampling algorithm, with the help of which we estimate the upper bounds for model parameters, and determine the maximum allowable dark energy density contribution during the radiation-dominated era. Our results are obtained through the \href{https://github.com/croi900/eden}{eden} program. We show that for a linear or polytropic equation of state, the dark energy density is constrained to less than $10^{-13}$ MeV$^4$ and $10^{-5}$ MeV$^4$, respectively, at the 95\% confidence level. Furthermore, we identify a temperature-dependent equation of state of dark energy as the most physically compelling framework, which remains consistent with primordial abundances for coupling parameters $\lesssim 10^{-2}$. This model successfully allows for high-temperature deviations from the standard $Λ$CDM expansion history, while rapidly diluting to obtain standard general relativistic results in the weak freeze-out era.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2605_26749
institution arXiv
publishDate 2026
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Constraining Early Dark Energy cosmological models with Big Bang Nucleosynthesis
Matei, Teodora M.
Croitoru, Cristian
Harko, Tiberiu
Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology
High Energy Physics - Theory
The recent cosmological picture contains a significant tension indicating that our standard $Λ$CDM picture may be incomplete. Early Dark Energy models can alleviate the Hubble tension, by assuming an early acceleration that could explain the divergence between the early and late-time cosmological data. We investigate the implications of Early Dark Energy models on the Big Bang Nucleosynthesis processes by considering several cosmological models, including a model assuming a simple cosmological constant, alongside with varying equations of state dark energy models. We construct a simulator through a nested sampling algorithm, with the help of which we estimate the upper bounds for model parameters, and determine the maximum allowable dark energy density contribution during the radiation-dominated era. Our results are obtained through the \href{https://github.com/croi900/eden}{eden} program. We show that for a linear or polytropic equation of state, the dark energy density is constrained to less than $10^{-13}$ MeV$^4$ and $10^{-5}$ MeV$^4$, respectively, at the 95\% confidence level. Furthermore, we identify a temperature-dependent equation of state of dark energy as the most physically compelling framework, which remains consistent with primordial abundances for coupling parameters $\lesssim 10^{-2}$. This model successfully allows for high-temperature deviations from the standard $Λ$CDM expansion history, while rapidly diluting to obtain standard general relativistic results in the weak freeze-out era.
title Constraining Early Dark Energy cosmological models with Big Bang Nucleosynthesis
topic Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology
High Energy Physics - Theory
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.26749