Anonymous YARA Rules Are Not Anonymous
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arXiv
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| Format: | Preprint |
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2026
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| _version_ | 1866917536302366720 |
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| author | Isah, Usman Rabiu Bobelin, Laurent Berthomé, Pascal |
| author_facet | Isah, Usman Rabiu Bobelin, Laurent Berthomé, Pascal |
| contents | YARA rules are widely shared across threat intelligence communities to enable collective defence against malware. This practice implicitly assumes that removing metadata (e.g., author fields) sufficiently protects the identity of contributing organisations. To assess the validity of this assumption, we systematically evaluate how much can be inferred from YARA rule text alone. Specifically, using a corpus of 23,305 rules from three major public repositories, we train independent classifiers along four stylometric fingerprint dimensions: individual author, source repository, malware family, and temporal drift, using three complementary methods: lexical n-grams (Burrows' Delta), syntactic AST features (Caliskan-Islam), and fine-tuned CodeBERT. Our results demonstrate that repository origin is almost perfectly recoverable (up to 99% accuracy), individual authors can be re-identified well above chance (76%), and malware family classification reaches 95%. Comparing the same repository attribution task across full-history and time-restricted subsets reveals a 9-18% accuracy gap, providing preliminary evidence of temporal drift in repository fingerprints.To further disentangle content from style, we conduct per-malware family author attribution experiments. Even when the malware family is the same for all samples considered, authors can still be re-identified for five of seven tested families (mean accuracy 74.6%).
These findings constitute the first systematic demonstration that YARA rule sharing is a measurable OPSEC attack surface, and that metadata removal alone does not mitigate it. |
| format | Preprint |
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arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2605_26791 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | Anonymous YARA Rules Are Not Anonymous Isah, Usman Rabiu Bobelin, Laurent Berthomé, Pascal Cryptography and Security YARA rules are widely shared across threat intelligence communities to enable collective defence against malware. This practice implicitly assumes that removing metadata (e.g., author fields) sufficiently protects the identity of contributing organisations. To assess the validity of this assumption, we systematically evaluate how much can be inferred from YARA rule text alone. Specifically, using a corpus of 23,305 rules from three major public repositories, we train independent classifiers along four stylometric fingerprint dimensions: individual author, source repository, malware family, and temporal drift, using three complementary methods: lexical n-grams (Burrows' Delta), syntactic AST features (Caliskan-Islam), and fine-tuned CodeBERT. Our results demonstrate that repository origin is almost perfectly recoverable (up to 99% accuracy), individual authors can be re-identified well above chance (76%), and malware family classification reaches 95%. Comparing the same repository attribution task across full-history and time-restricted subsets reveals a 9-18% accuracy gap, providing preliminary evidence of temporal drift in repository fingerprints.To further disentangle content from style, we conduct per-malware family author attribution experiments. Even when the malware family is the same for all samples considered, authors can still be re-identified for five of seven tested families (mean accuracy 74.6%). These findings constitute the first systematic demonstration that YARA rule sharing is a measurable OPSEC attack surface, and that metadata removal alone does not mitigate it. |
| title | Anonymous YARA Rules Are Not Anonymous |
| topic | Cryptography and Security |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.26791 |