_version_ 1866910263545954304
author Blake, James A.
Cooke, Benjamin F.
Paragini, Cristina
Feline, William
Onken, Christopher A.
Pollacco, Don
Privett, Grant
Yanagisawa, Toshifumi
Airey, Robert
Apergis, Ioannis
Armellin, Roberto
Beesley, Lily
Chote, Paul
Cutolo, Anna-Maria
Eves, Stuart
Fujiwara, Tomoko
Kuroda, Daisuke
Lockley, Isobel S.
MacManus, Alexander
McCormac, James
Mitchell, Morgan A
Nimura, Tokuhiro
Nishiyama, Kota
Okumura, Shin-Ichiro
Schildknecht, Thomas
Shrive, Billy
Urakawa, Seitaro
Veras, Dimitri
Whitlock, Phineas
Wolf, Christian
author_facet Blake, James A.
Cooke, Benjamin F.
Paragini, Cristina
Feline, William
Onken, Christopher A.
Pollacco, Don
Privett, Grant
Yanagisawa, Toshifumi
Airey, Robert
Apergis, Ioannis
Armellin, Roberto
Beesley, Lily
Chote, Paul
Cutolo, Anna-Maria
Eves, Stuart
Fujiwara, Tomoko
Kuroda, Daisuke
Lockley, Isobel S.
MacManus, Alexander
McCormac, James
Mitchell, Morgan A
Nimura, Tokuhiro
Nishiyama, Kota
Okumura, Shin-Ichiro
Schildknecht, Thomas
Shrive, Billy
Urakawa, Seitaro
Veras, Dimitri
Whitlock, Phineas
Wolf, Christian
contents The geosynchronous (GSO) debris environment is continually evolving. Regular monitoring of the region is consequently of great importance, though the trade-off between coverage and sensitivity makes this challenging for the population of optically faint debris, where collecting area becomes a pivotal factor. Surveys conducted with large-aperture telescopes have provided crucial insights into the nature of this largely uncharacterised population. In this paper, we revisit a survey conducted with the 2.54 m Isaac Newton Telescope (INT), presenting an overhaul of the astrometric calibration and object detection stages of the original analysis pipeline. We apply a blind stacking technique to boost target recovery, unearthing 25 tracklets previously missed by single-frame extraction methods, and pushing the sensitivity limit fainter by 1 magnitude. The same algorithm is applied to a contemporaneous dataset, captured with a 36 cm astrograph, enabling performance benchmarking through the attempted recovery of INT detections from commercial-off-the-shelf observations. We achieve sub-arcsecond astrometric accuracy through a combination of improved star trail centroiding and iterative distortion fitting, allowing short arc initial orbit solutions to be obtained. High-cadence light curves extracted for trailing detections indicate that faint fragments are proportionally more variable than bright derelicts, with many exhibiting photometric signatures of rapid tumbling, often straddling the image noise floor. Lastly, we present preliminary findings from a follow-up multi-national observation campaign, utilising telescopes in Australia, Japan and La Palma. As space traffic management concerns begin to extend beyond GSO altitudes, scientifically-driven surveys of high-altitude orbits have an important role to play in characterising the faint debris environment.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2605_27516
institution arXiv
publishDate 2026
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle DebrisWatch II: Digging deeper for geosynchronous debris
Blake, James A.
Cooke, Benjamin F.
Paragini, Cristina
Feline, William
Onken, Christopher A.
Pollacco, Don
Privett, Grant
Yanagisawa, Toshifumi
Airey, Robert
Apergis, Ioannis
Armellin, Roberto
Beesley, Lily
Chote, Paul
Cutolo, Anna-Maria
Eves, Stuart
Fujiwara, Tomoko
Kuroda, Daisuke
Lockley, Isobel S.
MacManus, Alexander
McCormac, James
Mitchell, Morgan A
Nimura, Tokuhiro
Nishiyama, Kota
Okumura, Shin-Ichiro
Schildknecht, Thomas
Shrive, Billy
Urakawa, Seitaro
Veras, Dimitri
Whitlock, Phineas
Wolf, Christian
Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
The geosynchronous (GSO) debris environment is continually evolving. Regular monitoring of the region is consequently of great importance, though the trade-off between coverage and sensitivity makes this challenging for the population of optically faint debris, where collecting area becomes a pivotal factor. Surveys conducted with large-aperture telescopes have provided crucial insights into the nature of this largely uncharacterised population. In this paper, we revisit a survey conducted with the 2.54 m Isaac Newton Telescope (INT), presenting an overhaul of the astrometric calibration and object detection stages of the original analysis pipeline. We apply a blind stacking technique to boost target recovery, unearthing 25 tracklets previously missed by single-frame extraction methods, and pushing the sensitivity limit fainter by 1 magnitude. The same algorithm is applied to a contemporaneous dataset, captured with a 36 cm astrograph, enabling performance benchmarking through the attempted recovery of INT detections from commercial-off-the-shelf observations. We achieve sub-arcsecond astrometric accuracy through a combination of improved star trail centroiding and iterative distortion fitting, allowing short arc initial orbit solutions to be obtained. High-cadence light curves extracted for trailing detections indicate that faint fragments are proportionally more variable than bright derelicts, with many exhibiting photometric signatures of rapid tumbling, often straddling the image noise floor. Lastly, we present preliminary findings from a follow-up multi-national observation campaign, utilising telescopes in Australia, Japan and La Palma. As space traffic management concerns begin to extend beyond GSO altitudes, scientifically-driven surveys of high-altitude orbits have an important role to play in characterising the faint debris environment.
title DebrisWatch II: Digging deeper for geosynchronous debris
topic Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.27516