A Unified Maximum-Likelihood Framework for 3D InISAR Phase Unwrapping with Outlier Rejection

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Hauptverfasser: Pardi, Matteo, Mancuso, Francesco, Giusti, Elisa, Martorella, Marco
Format: Preprint
Veröffentlicht: 2026
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author Pardi, Matteo
Mancuso, Francesco
Giusti, Elisa
Martorella, Marco
author_facet Pardi, Matteo
Mancuso, Francesco
Giusti, Elisa
Martorella, Marco
contents This paper presents a novel mathematical framework for phase unwrapping in three-dimensional interferometric ISAR (3D InISAR) imaging. The approach works on a scatterer-by-scatterer basis and does not rely on any spatial continuity assumptions, making it suitable for sparse point clouds. The formulation is derived from the Mixed-Integer Least Squares (MILS) theory, an optimal maximum-likelihood framework for joint estimation of integer and real unknowns in the presence of Gaussian noise. This provides a unified way to handle generic sensor geometries, multi-baseline, multi-frequency, or hybrid setups. The method also produces a natural a posteriori quality metric for each unwrapped phase, which can be used to build a statistical test to reject outliers. The algorithm is simple to implement and has a computational cost suitable for operational systems. This paper presents the theoretical foundations of the framework and a first validation study on a standard L-shaped dual-frequency setup using Monte Carlo simulations. Results show that the proposed framework enables reliable 3D reconstruction in challenging ambiguity conditions.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2605_28431
institution arXiv
publishDate 2026
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle A Unified Maximum-Likelihood Framework for 3D InISAR Phase Unwrapping with Outlier Rejection
Pardi, Matteo
Mancuso, Francesco
Giusti, Elisa
Martorella, Marco
Signal Processing
This paper presents a novel mathematical framework for phase unwrapping in three-dimensional interferometric ISAR (3D InISAR) imaging. The approach works on a scatterer-by-scatterer basis and does not rely on any spatial continuity assumptions, making it suitable for sparse point clouds. The formulation is derived from the Mixed-Integer Least Squares (MILS) theory, an optimal maximum-likelihood framework for joint estimation of integer and real unknowns in the presence of Gaussian noise. This provides a unified way to handle generic sensor geometries, multi-baseline, multi-frequency, or hybrid setups. The method also produces a natural a posteriori quality metric for each unwrapped phase, which can be used to build a statistical test to reject outliers. The algorithm is simple to implement and has a computational cost suitable for operational systems. This paper presents the theoretical foundations of the framework and a first validation study on a standard L-shaped dual-frequency setup using Monte Carlo simulations. Results show that the proposed framework enables reliable 3D reconstruction in challenging ambiguity conditions.
title A Unified Maximum-Likelihood Framework for 3D InISAR Phase Unwrapping with Outlier Rejection
topic Signal Processing
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.28431