Transformer-Based Heartbeat Monitoring with FMCW Radar Under Random Body Motion
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arXiv
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| Main Authors: | , , , |
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| Format: | Preprint |
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2026
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| _version_ | 1866917540448436224 |
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| author | Pardi, Matteo Oveis, Amir Hosein Kharabadze, Saba Kumar, Ajeet |
| author_facet | Pardi, Matteo Oveis, Amir Hosein Kharabadze, Saba Kumar, Ajeet |
| contents | Millimeter-wave Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW) radar enables contactless cardiac monitoring, but heartbeat estimation becomes challenging when respiration and random body motion (RBM) distort the radar signal. In this paper, we propose a hybrid framework for 77 GHz FMCW radar that combines model-based signal processing with a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN)-Transformer network. The first block extracts chest displacement and constructs meaningful high-level motion features from raw radar data, while the second block reconstructs a photoplethysmography (PPG)-like signal from the extracted features. In this study, a synchronized PPG signal is used as the ground truth for heartbeat monitoring in supervised training. The method is evaluated following the IEEE AESS Radar Challenge Problem I protocol using the official datasets and figures of merit across three motion scenarios: stationary, deep breathing, and RBM. Results show that the proposed architecture reliably reconstructs the PPG signal in all scenarios, achieving high fidelity in controlled conditions and maintaining robust performance under motion. This enables reliable average heart rate (AHR) and heart rate variability (HRV) estimation even where benchmark methods fail, and leads to the highest total score among the compared approaches. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2605_28432 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | Transformer-Based Heartbeat Monitoring with FMCW Radar Under Random Body Motion Pardi, Matteo Oveis, Amir Hosein Kharabadze, Saba Kumar, Ajeet Signal Processing Millimeter-wave Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW) radar enables contactless cardiac monitoring, but heartbeat estimation becomes challenging when respiration and random body motion (RBM) distort the radar signal. In this paper, we propose a hybrid framework for 77 GHz FMCW radar that combines model-based signal processing with a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN)-Transformer network. The first block extracts chest displacement and constructs meaningful high-level motion features from raw radar data, while the second block reconstructs a photoplethysmography (PPG)-like signal from the extracted features. In this study, a synchronized PPG signal is used as the ground truth for heartbeat monitoring in supervised training. The method is evaluated following the IEEE AESS Radar Challenge Problem I protocol using the official datasets and figures of merit across three motion scenarios: stationary, deep breathing, and RBM. Results show that the proposed architecture reliably reconstructs the PPG signal in all scenarios, achieving high fidelity in controlled conditions and maintaining robust performance under motion. This enables reliable average heart rate (AHR) and heart rate variability (HRV) estimation even where benchmark methods fail, and leads to the highest total score among the compared approaches. |
| title | Transformer-Based Heartbeat Monitoring with FMCW Radar Under Random Body Motion |
| topic | Signal Processing |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.28432 |