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Autori principali: Yang, Yi, Lopez, Victor G., Müller, Matthias A.
Natura: Preprint
Pubblicazione: 2026
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Accesso online:https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.29013
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author Yang, Yi
Lopez, Victor G.
Müller, Matthias A.
author_facet Yang, Yi
Lopez, Victor G.
Müller, Matthias A.
contents In this paper, we propose a moving horizon estimation (MHE)-based training method for feedforward neural networks (FNNs) with rectified linear unit (ReLU) activation functions to determine their ideal weights from a control-theoretic perspective. This allows for a rigorous theoretical analysis of the trained network. First, we reformulate the FNN as a dynamical system with the weights as states. Then, we investigate the local observability of such a system. For two-layer FNNs with fixed output weights, we derive a sufficient condition under which the observability rank condition holds, ensuring a locally observable state. We also show that multi-layer FNNs in general fail to satisfy the observability rank condition. Based on this analysis, we develop a persistently exciting (PE) input design method, which renders a state distinguishable from its neighbors. The resulting local observability provides convergence guarantees for the proposed MHE-based training, where only the projection of the state onto the observable subspace is updated using a fixed-length window of input-output data. The effectiveness of the approach is illustrated via numerical examples.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2605_29013
institution arXiv
publishDate 2026
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Local Observability and Moving Horizon Estimation-based Training of Feedforward Neural Networks
Yang, Yi
Lopez, Victor G.
Müller, Matthias A.
Systems and Control
In this paper, we propose a moving horizon estimation (MHE)-based training method for feedforward neural networks (FNNs) with rectified linear unit (ReLU) activation functions to determine their ideal weights from a control-theoretic perspective. This allows for a rigorous theoretical analysis of the trained network. First, we reformulate the FNN as a dynamical system with the weights as states. Then, we investigate the local observability of such a system. For two-layer FNNs with fixed output weights, we derive a sufficient condition under which the observability rank condition holds, ensuring a locally observable state. We also show that multi-layer FNNs in general fail to satisfy the observability rank condition. Based on this analysis, we develop a persistently exciting (PE) input design method, which renders a state distinguishable from its neighbors. The resulting local observability provides convergence guarantees for the proposed MHE-based training, where only the projection of the state onto the observable subspace is updated using a fixed-length window of input-output data. The effectiveness of the approach is illustrated via numerical examples.
title Local Observability and Moving Horizon Estimation-based Training of Feedforward Neural Networks
topic Systems and Control
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.29013