Two-way coupling of gravity waves and wind farm wakes: a reduced-order boundary-layer model
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arXiv
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| Hauptverfasser: | , |
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| Format: | Preprint |
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2026
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| _version_ | 1866917544278884352 |
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| author | Kafiabad, Hossein A. Bastankhah, Majid |
| author_facet | Kafiabad, Hossein A. Bastankhah, Majid |
| contents | This paper develops a reduced-order framework for modelling the two-way coupling between gravity waves and turbulent wakes in large-scale wind farms. Linearising the non-hydrostatic Boussinesq equations and introducing simplifications appropriate to the boundary layer and the overlying stratified free atmosphere yield separate governing equations for the two regions. These are coupled through a dynamic boundary condition at the capping inversion, which directly captures the feedback of gravity waves on the boundary-layer flow. A mixed spectral-finite-difference discretisation yields a computationally efficient model while retaining vertical boundary-layer structure. Comparisons with large-eddy simulations (LES) confirm the model successfully reproduces both internal wind-farm flow and large-scale gravity-wave effects. It captures the upstream blockage induced by adverse pressure gradients, as well as the accelerated wake recovery within and downwind of the farm, driven by favourable pressure gradients. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2605_30077 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | Two-way coupling of gravity waves and wind farm wakes: a reduced-order boundary-layer model Kafiabad, Hossein A. Bastankhah, Majid Fluid Dynamics This paper develops a reduced-order framework for modelling the two-way coupling between gravity waves and turbulent wakes in large-scale wind farms. Linearising the non-hydrostatic Boussinesq equations and introducing simplifications appropriate to the boundary layer and the overlying stratified free atmosphere yield separate governing equations for the two regions. These are coupled through a dynamic boundary condition at the capping inversion, which directly captures the feedback of gravity waves on the boundary-layer flow. A mixed spectral-finite-difference discretisation yields a computationally efficient model while retaining vertical boundary-layer structure. Comparisons with large-eddy simulations (LES) confirm the model successfully reproduces both internal wind-farm flow and large-scale gravity-wave effects. It captures the upstream blockage induced by adverse pressure gradients, as well as the accelerated wake recovery within and downwind of the farm, driven by favourable pressure gradients. |
| title | Two-way coupling of gravity waves and wind farm wakes: a reduced-order boundary-layer model |
| topic | Fluid Dynamics |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.30077 |