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| Main Authors: | , , |
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| Format: | Preprint |
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2026
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| Online Access: | https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.30340 |
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| _version_ | 1866911728811376640 |
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| author | Boos, Jens Gündoğdu, Arif Kağan Hartenfels, Marek |
| author_facet | Boos, Jens Gündoğdu, Arif Kağan Hartenfels, Marek |
| contents | Non-singular gravitational theories are expected to be relevant in the early universe. In this paper, we derive a set of effective Friedmann equations describing the dynamics of matter shells in the presence of a gravitational regulator $\ell$. We find that such a regulator induces a primordial black hole mass gap such that below a certain mass $M_\text{gap}(\ell, R_H)$ no black holes can form. The order of magnitude of this mass gap is set by the regulator $\sim c^2\ell/G$, with subleading dependence on the horizon radius at time of formation $R_H$. Finally, we show that over a wide range of equation of state parameters $ω= 0 \dots 1/3$, the mass gap implies a Carr criterion of the form $δ_H > 2G M_\text{gap}/R_H - 1$. If the horizon size is of the same order of the regulator, $R_H \sim \ell$, this new criterion is stronger than the traditional Carr criterion for primordial black hole formation. This connects the primordial black hole abundance directly to the presence of gravitational regulators. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2605_30340 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | Carr criterion and mass gaps in non-singular primordial black hole formation Boos, Jens Gündoğdu, Arif Kağan Hartenfels, Marek General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology Non-singular gravitational theories are expected to be relevant in the early universe. In this paper, we derive a set of effective Friedmann equations describing the dynamics of matter shells in the presence of a gravitational regulator $\ell$. We find that such a regulator induces a primordial black hole mass gap such that below a certain mass $M_\text{gap}(\ell, R_H)$ no black holes can form. The order of magnitude of this mass gap is set by the regulator $\sim c^2\ell/G$, with subleading dependence on the horizon radius at time of formation $R_H$. Finally, we show that over a wide range of equation of state parameters $ω= 0 \dots 1/3$, the mass gap implies a Carr criterion of the form $δ_H > 2G M_\text{gap}/R_H - 1$. If the horizon size is of the same order of the regulator, $R_H \sim \ell$, this new criterion is stronger than the traditional Carr criterion for primordial black hole formation. This connects the primordial black hole abundance directly to the presence of gravitational regulators. |
| title | Carr criterion and mass gaps in non-singular primordial black hole formation |
| topic | General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.30340 |