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Main Authors: Anton, Sabin-Viorel, Alves, Bernardo Sousa, Siemes, Christian, IJssel, Jose van den, Visser, Pieter N. A. M.
Format: Preprint
Published: 2026
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Online Access:https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.31109
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author Anton, Sabin-Viorel
Alves, Bernardo Sousa
Siemes, Christian
IJssel, Jose van den
Visser, Pieter N. A. M.
author_facet Anton, Sabin-Viorel
Alves, Bernardo Sousa
Siemes, Christian
IJssel, Jose van den
Visser, Pieter N. A. M.
contents Gas-particle interactions with non-absorbing surfaces are commonly described using the scattering-kernel formalism. In this framework, an operator $\mathbf{K}$ maps incident velocity distributions to reflected velocity distributions. The operator is self-adjoint and has norm $\lVert \mathbf{K} \rVert = 1$ in an $L^2$ space weighted by the three-dimensional Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution, and must satisfy non-negativity, normalisation, and reciprocity. In standard formulations, $\mathbf{K}$ represents the aggregate effect of all gas-surface interaction mechanisms through a single operator, without distinguishing the physical scales at which these mechanisms occur. For gas scattering from a rough surface, however, it is advantageous to separate geometric effects associated with distinct roughness scales from the underlying thermochemical processes occurring at the atomic scale. We therefore introduce a roughness-based extension of the scattering-kernel formalism, in which a local kernel is successively lifted to larger scales via single- and multi-reflection operators associated with statistically defined surface morphologies. We derive sufficient conditions under which the resulting global kernels preserve reciprocity, normalisation, and non-negativity whenever these properties hold for the smallest-scale kernel. We further show that these constructions define operators on the space of scattering kernels, and establish the associated multi-scale composition laws that allow independent roughness contributions to be combined recursively. The resulting framework provides a general basis for modelling gas-surface scattering on rough surfaces with arbitrary scale decompositions.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2605_31109
institution arXiv
publishDate 2026
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle An extended scattering kernel formalism for multi-scale gas-surface dynamics
Anton, Sabin-Viorel
Alves, Bernardo Sousa
Siemes, Christian
IJssel, Jose van den
Visser, Pieter N. A. M.
Space Physics
Mathematical Physics
Gas-particle interactions with non-absorbing surfaces are commonly described using the scattering-kernel formalism. In this framework, an operator $\mathbf{K}$ maps incident velocity distributions to reflected velocity distributions. The operator is self-adjoint and has norm $\lVert \mathbf{K} \rVert = 1$ in an $L^2$ space weighted by the three-dimensional Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution, and must satisfy non-negativity, normalisation, and reciprocity. In standard formulations, $\mathbf{K}$ represents the aggregate effect of all gas-surface interaction mechanisms through a single operator, without distinguishing the physical scales at which these mechanisms occur. For gas scattering from a rough surface, however, it is advantageous to separate geometric effects associated with distinct roughness scales from the underlying thermochemical processes occurring at the atomic scale. We therefore introduce a roughness-based extension of the scattering-kernel formalism, in which a local kernel is successively lifted to larger scales via single- and multi-reflection operators associated with statistically defined surface morphologies. We derive sufficient conditions under which the resulting global kernels preserve reciprocity, normalisation, and non-negativity whenever these properties hold for the smallest-scale kernel. We further show that these constructions define operators on the space of scattering kernels, and establish the associated multi-scale composition laws that allow independent roughness contributions to be combined recursively. The resulting framework provides a general basis for modelling gas-surface scattering on rough surfaces with arbitrary scale decompositions.
title An extended scattering kernel formalism for multi-scale gas-surface dynamics
topic Space Physics
Mathematical Physics
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.31109