Neuroforger: certified violation witnesses for smart contracts verification via LLMs
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arXiv
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| Natura: | Preprint |
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2026
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| _version_ | 1866914617961218048 |
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| author | Bartoletti, Massimo Lipparini, Enrico |
| author_facet | Bartoletti, Massimo Lipparini, Enrico |
| contents | Recent large language models (LLMs) incorporate reasoning capabilities that allow them to perform well in predicting whether a smart contract respects a certain property, suggesting a complementary approach to traditional formal-methods-based techniques for smart contract verification. However, the application of LLMs in such context has two major issues: 1) properties expressed in natural language are intrinsically ambiguous, and 2) answers returned by LLMs have no guarantee of correctness. In this paper, we address both issues simultaneously by: 1) introducing a new formal specification language that extends Solidity with abstract types, and 2) designing a workflow that combines LLMs with type checking and concrete execution to generate and validate violation witnesses (i.e., counterexamples). The key idea is to represent a specification as a Solidity test with (existentially quantified) variables of abstract type; finding an instantiation of these variables to concrete values (of the correct type) concretizes the test into an executable counterexample (PoC) for the target property. We implemented our procedure in the tool Neuroforger, experimentally evaluating it on a smart-contract verification dataset drawn from literature, obtaining promising results that demonstrate its potential applicability in the wild. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2605_31389 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | Neuroforger: certified violation witnesses for smart contracts verification via LLMs Bartoletti, Massimo Lipparini, Enrico Programming Languages Cryptography and Security Recent large language models (LLMs) incorporate reasoning capabilities that allow them to perform well in predicting whether a smart contract respects a certain property, suggesting a complementary approach to traditional formal-methods-based techniques for smart contract verification. However, the application of LLMs in such context has two major issues: 1) properties expressed in natural language are intrinsically ambiguous, and 2) answers returned by LLMs have no guarantee of correctness. In this paper, we address both issues simultaneously by: 1) introducing a new formal specification language that extends Solidity with abstract types, and 2) designing a workflow that combines LLMs with type checking and concrete execution to generate and validate violation witnesses (i.e., counterexamples). The key idea is to represent a specification as a Solidity test with (existentially quantified) variables of abstract type; finding an instantiation of these variables to concrete values (of the correct type) concretizes the test into an executable counterexample (PoC) for the target property. We implemented our procedure in the tool Neuroforger, experimentally evaluating it on a smart-contract verification dataset drawn from literature, obtaining promising results that demonstrate its potential applicability in the wild. |
| title | Neuroforger: certified violation witnesses for smart contracts verification via LLMs |
| topic | Programming Languages Cryptography and Security |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.31389 |