Beyond Categories of Caste: Examining Caste Bias and Morality in Text-to-Image AI Models

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Main Authors: Singh, Divyanshu Kumar, Das, Dipto, Subramanian, Deepika Rama, Saha, Koustuv, Voida, Stephen, Semaan, Bryan
Format: Preprint
Published: 2026
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author Singh, Divyanshu Kumar
Das, Dipto
Subramanian, Deepika Rama
Saha, Koustuv
Voida, Stephen
Semaan, Bryan
author_facet Singh, Divyanshu Kumar
Das, Dipto
Subramanian, Deepika Rama
Saha, Koustuv
Voida, Stephen
Semaan, Bryan
contents Text-to-Image (T2I) models have shown promising utility across various domains. However, such models are also amplifying harmful societal biases in their outputs. In the context of South Asia, recent work has shown caste biases and stereotypes are being perpetuated through Generative AI (GenAI) systems. While this research offers extremely relevant insight into invisibilized narratives of caste discrimination through the GenAI system, they often treat caste as an identity category. Therefore, in this work we shift our ontology to focus on the relational aspect of caste. This enables us to develop a more nuanced understanding of the mechanics of caste discrimination by and through T2I models. Combining an algorithmic audit with critical discourse analysis, we draw on a conceptual frame challenging Brahminical Normativity to show how caste biases are perpetuated beyond the simple binaries of upper vs lower-caste categories. Our contributions are two-fold. Beyond challenging the categorical understanding of caste as a category, we propose an anti-caste approach to tackle the issue of caste bias and fairness in AI systems.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2606_00039
institution arXiv
publishDate 2026
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Beyond Categories of Caste: Examining Caste Bias and Morality in Text-to-Image AI Models
Singh, Divyanshu Kumar
Das, Dipto
Subramanian, Deepika Rama
Saha, Koustuv
Voida, Stephen
Semaan, Bryan
Computers and Society
Artificial Intelligence
Human-Computer Interaction
Text-to-Image (T2I) models have shown promising utility across various domains. However, such models are also amplifying harmful societal biases in their outputs. In the context of South Asia, recent work has shown caste biases and stereotypes are being perpetuated through Generative AI (GenAI) systems. While this research offers extremely relevant insight into invisibilized narratives of caste discrimination through the GenAI system, they often treat caste as an identity category. Therefore, in this work we shift our ontology to focus on the relational aspect of caste. This enables us to develop a more nuanced understanding of the mechanics of caste discrimination by and through T2I models. Combining an algorithmic audit with critical discourse analysis, we draw on a conceptual frame challenging Brahminical Normativity to show how caste biases are perpetuated beyond the simple binaries of upper vs lower-caste categories. Our contributions are two-fold. Beyond challenging the categorical understanding of caste as a category, we propose an anti-caste approach to tackle the issue of caste bias and fairness in AI systems.
title Beyond Categories of Caste: Examining Caste Bias and Morality in Text-to-Image AI Models
topic Computers and Society
Artificial Intelligence
Human-Computer Interaction
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.00039