Diversity Over Frequency: Rethinking Tool Use in Visual Chain-of-Thought Agents
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| Format: | Preprint |
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2026
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| _version_ | 1866916068046405632 |
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| author | Kim, Dong-Hee Tan, Reuben Kim, Donghyun |
| author_facet | Kim, Dong-Hee Tan, Reuben Kim, Donghyun |
| contents | Visual agents employ external visual tools within visual chains of thought to incorporate fine-grained evidence. While prior work has mainly studied these tools in visual search tasks, their role in more complex visual reasoning remains underexplored. In this paper, we move beyond simple visual search tasks to investigate more challenging tasks, including 3D spatial reasoning and medical visual question answering, where agents must integrate tool-acquired local evidence with the global context.
We identify a {tool-use collapse phenomenon: models progressively stop using tools while still achieving higher task accuracy.
Moreover, we observe a clear asymmetry: (i) completely eliminating tool use degrades performance, whereas (ii) incentivizing tool use yields only marginal gains despite substantially increasing usage.
We find that vanilla training and tool-use encouragement both reduce rollout diversity, explaining why higher tool use does not yield stronger reasoning performance.
Motivated by these findings, we add an entropy regularization term to encourage diverse rollout exploration, achieving the best performance despite gradually declining tool usage.
% We further observe similar dynamics on medical VQA, suggesting that tool-use collapse is not limited to 3D spatial reasoning.
Overall, our findings suggest a training-time view of tools as scaffolding, where broader exploration over language generation and visual tool invocation improves reasoning despite tool-use collapse.
Project page: https://scaffolded-exploration.github.io |
| format | Preprint |
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arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2606_00096 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | Diversity Over Frequency: Rethinking Tool Use in Visual Chain-of-Thought Agents Kim, Dong-Hee Tan, Reuben Kim, Donghyun Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Artificial Intelligence Visual agents employ external visual tools within visual chains of thought to incorporate fine-grained evidence. While prior work has mainly studied these tools in visual search tasks, their role in more complex visual reasoning remains underexplored. In this paper, we move beyond simple visual search tasks to investigate more challenging tasks, including 3D spatial reasoning and medical visual question answering, where agents must integrate tool-acquired local evidence with the global context. We identify a {tool-use collapse phenomenon: models progressively stop using tools while still achieving higher task accuracy. Moreover, we observe a clear asymmetry: (i) completely eliminating tool use degrades performance, whereas (ii) incentivizing tool use yields only marginal gains despite substantially increasing usage. We find that vanilla training and tool-use encouragement both reduce rollout diversity, explaining why higher tool use does not yield stronger reasoning performance. Motivated by these findings, we add an entropy regularization term to encourage diverse rollout exploration, achieving the best performance despite gradually declining tool usage. % We further observe similar dynamics on medical VQA, suggesting that tool-use collapse is not limited to 3D spatial reasoning. Overall, our findings suggest a training-time view of tools as scaffolding, where broader exploration over language generation and visual tool invocation improves reasoning despite tool-use collapse. Project page: https://scaffolded-exploration.github.io |
| title | Diversity Over Frequency: Rethinking Tool Use in Visual Chain-of-Thought Agents |
| topic | Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Artificial Intelligence |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.00096 |