Complexity of tensor network simulation for noisy quantum circuits

Fuente: arXiv
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Main Authors: Shao, Yuguo, Zhao, Zishuo, Cheng, Song, Liu, Zhengwei
Format: Preprint
Published: 2026
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author Shao, Yuguo
Zhao, Zishuo
Cheng, Song
Liu, Zhengwei
author_facet Shao, Yuguo
Zhao, Zishuo
Cheng, Song
Liu, Zhengwei
contents We aim to rigorously address how local noise affects classical simulability of quantum dynamics benchmarked by tensor-network methods. Using operator entanglement entropy (OEE), we prove the following: (1) For single-qubit depolarizing noise on arbitrary circuits, tensor networks with $\mathrm{poly}(n)$ bond dimension suffice for fixed absolute Hilbert-Schmidt error after $\order{1}$ depth, while relative error demands $\order{\log n}$ depth; and this bound is optimal. (2) For single-qubit depolarizing noise on 1D local circuits, the existence of whole-trajectory error-bounded matrix product operator (MPO) of $\mathrm{poly}(n)$ bond dimension at all depths. (3) For general single-qubit noise in 1D brickwall circuits, random two-design gates with contraction coefficient $c<1/3$ yield an $\order{1}$ OEE plateau with probability $1-Te^{-Ω(n)}$, while arbitrary gates with $c<1/48$ give $\order{\log n}$ OEE in the worst case. (4) In higher dimensions, these bounds yield uniform-in-depth $\mathrm{poly}(n)$ average boundary-bond dimensions for projected entangled pair operators~(PEPO) across every cut -- under depolarizing noise at either absolute or relative accuracy, and under general noise with strong contraction at absolute accuracy. Our results establish a rigorous connection between certain noise models, circuit types, and their classical simulability.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2606_00474
institution arXiv
publishDate 2026
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Complexity of tensor network simulation for noisy quantum circuits
Shao, Yuguo
Zhao, Zishuo
Cheng, Song
Liu, Zhengwei
Strongly Correlated Electrons
Quantum Physics
We aim to rigorously address how local noise affects classical simulability of quantum dynamics benchmarked by tensor-network methods. Using operator entanglement entropy (OEE), we prove the following: (1) For single-qubit depolarizing noise on arbitrary circuits, tensor networks with $\mathrm{poly}(n)$ bond dimension suffice for fixed absolute Hilbert-Schmidt error after $\order{1}$ depth, while relative error demands $\order{\log n}$ depth; and this bound is optimal. (2) For single-qubit depolarizing noise on 1D local circuits, the existence of whole-trajectory error-bounded matrix product operator (MPO) of $\mathrm{poly}(n)$ bond dimension at all depths. (3) For general single-qubit noise in 1D brickwall circuits, random two-design gates with contraction coefficient $c<1/3$ yield an $\order{1}$ OEE plateau with probability $1-Te^{-Ω(n)}$, while arbitrary gates with $c<1/48$ give $\order{\log n}$ OEE in the worst case. (4) In higher dimensions, these bounds yield uniform-in-depth $\mathrm{poly}(n)$ average boundary-bond dimensions for projected entangled pair operators~(PEPO) across every cut -- under depolarizing noise at either absolute or relative accuracy, and under general noise with strong contraction at absolute accuracy. Our results establish a rigorous connection between certain noise models, circuit types, and their classical simulability.
title Complexity of tensor network simulation for noisy quantum circuits
topic Strongly Correlated Electrons
Quantum Physics
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.00474