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Main Authors: Arnould, Daniel, Aziz, Rashad, Kang, Zixuan, Changal, Tanav, Zhu, Kevin, Dev, Sunishchal, Grand, Gabriel, Kulkarni, Shreyas Sunil
Format: Preprint
Published: 2026
Subjects:
Online Access:https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.01182
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author Arnould, Daniel
Aziz, Rashad
Kang, Zixuan
Changal, Tanav
Zhu, Kevin
Dev, Sunishchal
Grand, Gabriel
Kulkarni, Shreyas Sunil
author_facet Arnould, Daniel
Aziz, Rashad
Kang, Zixuan
Changal, Tanav
Zhu, Kevin
Dev, Sunishchal
Grand, Gabriel
Kulkarni, Shreyas Sunil
contents Large Language Models (LLMs) excel at static reasoning tasks, yet their performance often degrades in interactive scenarios where information must be actively acquired through questioning. A key challenge lies in selecting questions that reduce uncertainty while incorporating responses that may be ambiguous or only partially informative. To address this, we propose Conversation-Aware Bayesian Experimental Design (CA-BED), an inference-time probabilistic dialog planning framework that integrates Bayesian Experimental Design with LLM-based likelihood estimation to optimize question selection over multiple conversational turns. CA-BED maintains a belief distribution over hypotheses, anticipates possible answers, and propagates expected information gain through a simulated conversation tree. Across two structured entity-deduction benchmarks, CA-BED yields an average 21.8% improvement in success rates over direct prompting, with comparable gains relative to alternative information-seeking methods. It achieves these gains with an average increase of only 1.8 conversational turns compared to direct prompting.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2606_01182
institution arXiv
publishDate 2026
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle CA-BED: Conversation-Aware Bayesian Experimental Design
Arnould, Daniel
Aziz, Rashad
Kang, Zixuan
Changal, Tanav
Zhu, Kevin
Dev, Sunishchal
Grand, Gabriel
Kulkarni, Shreyas Sunil
Computation and Language
Artificial Intelligence
Large Language Models (LLMs) excel at static reasoning tasks, yet their performance often degrades in interactive scenarios where information must be actively acquired through questioning. A key challenge lies in selecting questions that reduce uncertainty while incorporating responses that may be ambiguous or only partially informative. To address this, we propose Conversation-Aware Bayesian Experimental Design (CA-BED), an inference-time probabilistic dialog planning framework that integrates Bayesian Experimental Design with LLM-based likelihood estimation to optimize question selection over multiple conversational turns. CA-BED maintains a belief distribution over hypotheses, anticipates possible answers, and propagates expected information gain through a simulated conversation tree. Across two structured entity-deduction benchmarks, CA-BED yields an average 21.8% improvement in success rates over direct prompting, with comparable gains relative to alternative information-seeking methods. It achieves these gains with an average increase of only 1.8 conversational turns compared to direct prompting.
title CA-BED: Conversation-Aware Bayesian Experimental Design
topic Computation and Language
Artificial Intelligence
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.01182