COSMOS: A numerical relativity code specialized for PBH formation

Fuente: arXiv
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Main Authors: Yoo, Chul-Moon, Okawa, Hirotada, Escrivà, Albert, Harada, Tomohiro, Iizuka, Hayami, Ikeda, Taishi, Koga, Yasutaka, Saito, Daiki, Shimada, Masaaki, Uehara, Koichiro
Format: Preprint
Published: 2026
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author Yoo, Chul-Moon
Okawa, Hirotada
Escrivà, Albert
Harada, Tomohiro
Iizuka, Hayami
Ikeda, Taishi
Koga, Yasutaka
Saito, Daiki
Shimada, Masaaki
Uehara, Koichiro
author_facet Yoo, Chul-Moon
Okawa, Hirotada
Escrivà, Albert
Harada, Tomohiro
Iizuka, Hayami
Ikeda, Taishi
Koga, Yasutaka
Saito, Daiki
Shimada, Masaaki
Uehara, Koichiro
contents Primordial black holes (PBHs) are black holes generated in the early universe without having gone through stellar evolution. In the standard formation process, PBHs are formed from super-horizon primordial fluctuations with non-linearly large initial amplitude. In order to simulate the non-linear gravitational dynamics of PBH formation, one has to rely on numerical relativity solvers to approximate the solution of the Einstein equations. COSMOS is a C++ package for solving the Einstein equations in 3+1 dimensions, providing simple tools for the simulation of PBH formation. In order to resolve the collapsing region, non-Cartesian scale-up coordinates and a fixed mesh-refinement procedure are implemented. In COSMOS, a massless scalar field and a perfect fluid with a linear equation of state are implemented as matter fields. To achieve a practically acceptable computational speed, OpenMP is used for the parallelization. COSMOS has no other dependencies, which makes for an easier installation.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2606_02053
institution arXiv
publishDate 2026
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle COSMOS: A numerical relativity code specialized for PBH formation
Yoo, Chul-Moon
Okawa, Hirotada
Escrivà, Albert
Harada, Tomohiro
Iizuka, Hayami
Ikeda, Taishi
Koga, Yasutaka
Saito, Daiki
Shimada, Masaaki
Uehara, Koichiro
General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology
Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
High Energy Physics - Phenomenology
High Energy Physics - Theory
Primordial black holes (PBHs) are black holes generated in the early universe without having gone through stellar evolution. In the standard formation process, PBHs are formed from super-horizon primordial fluctuations with non-linearly large initial amplitude. In order to simulate the non-linear gravitational dynamics of PBH formation, one has to rely on numerical relativity solvers to approximate the solution of the Einstein equations. COSMOS is a C++ package for solving the Einstein equations in 3+1 dimensions, providing simple tools for the simulation of PBH formation. In order to resolve the collapsing region, non-Cartesian scale-up coordinates and a fixed mesh-refinement procedure are implemented. In COSMOS, a massless scalar field and a perfect fluid with a linear equation of state are implemented as matter fields. To achieve a practically acceptable computational speed, OpenMP is used for the parallelization. COSMOS has no other dependencies, which makes for an easier installation.
title COSMOS: A numerical relativity code specialized for PBH formation
topic General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology
Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
High Energy Physics - Phenomenology
High Energy Physics - Theory
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.02053