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| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
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| Format: | Preprint |
| Published: |
2026
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.02181 |
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| _version_ | 1866911741556817920 |
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| author | Buldas, Ahto Draheim, Dirk Gault, Mike Laanoja, Risto Rogojin, Vladimir Truu, Ahto |
| author_facet | Buldas, Ahto Draheim, Dirk Gault, Mike Laanoja, Risto Rogojin, Vladimir Truu, Ahto |
| contents | This paper introduces the Unicity Execution Layer, a modular component of the Unicity framework enabling secure off-chain transactions while maintaining trustless double-spending prevention. We present a formal security model where token ownership is represented by public keys and transfers require digital signatures. We prove three fundamental security properties: (1) no double-spending--each token state can be spent at most once, (2) no blocking--only the legitimate owner can prevent a token from being spent, and (3) service-side privacy--the Unicity Service cannot link transactions with the same token. The user-side privacy is addressed by introducing generalized multi-public-key signature schemes that allow one secret to generate multiple unlinkable public keys, and interactive and non-interactive concrete instantiations, enabling private transactions with stable public identity with minimal key management overhead. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2606_02181 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | The Unicity Execution Layer Buldas, Ahto Draheim, Dirk Gault, Mike Laanoja, Risto Rogojin, Vladimir Truu, Ahto Cryptography and Security 68M25 H.0 This paper introduces the Unicity Execution Layer, a modular component of the Unicity framework enabling secure off-chain transactions while maintaining trustless double-spending prevention. We present a formal security model where token ownership is represented by public keys and transfers require digital signatures. We prove three fundamental security properties: (1) no double-spending--each token state can be spent at most once, (2) no blocking--only the legitimate owner can prevent a token from being spent, and (3) service-side privacy--the Unicity Service cannot link transactions with the same token. The user-side privacy is addressed by introducing generalized multi-public-key signature schemes that allow one secret to generate multiple unlinkable public keys, and interactive and non-interactive concrete instantiations, enabling private transactions with stable public identity with minimal key management overhead. |
| title | The Unicity Execution Layer |
| topic | Cryptography and Security 68M25 H.0 |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.02181 |