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Bibliographic Details
Main Author:	STRANG, RUTH
Format:	Recurso educativo Open Access
Language:	en
Published:	1967
Subjects:	Disadvantaged Reading Improvement Reading Instruction Secondary Schools
Online Access:	https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED013729
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TEACHING READING TO THE CULTURALLY DISADVANTAGED IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS. STRANG, RUTH Disadvantaged Reading Improvement Reading Instruction Secondary Schools THE READING PROBLEMS OF ADOLESCENTS WHO HAVE BEEN DEPRIVED OF PRE-READING EXPERIENCES AND OTHER ADVANTAGES THAT CHILDREN FROM MORE PRIVILEGED HOMES ENJOY ARE DISCUSSED. TECHNIQUES TO COMBAT APATHY AND TO USE WITH INFORMAL READING MATERIAL FOR DIAGNOSTIC PURPOSES ARE SUGGESTED. TEN PROCEDURES FOLLOW WHICH COULD BE ADAPTED TO VARIOUS SITUATIONS--(1) INSTRUCTION GROWING OUT OF AN INFORMAL TEST, (2) INSTRUCTION AND PRACTICE IN WORD RECOGNITION, (3) FIXING WORDS IN MIND, (4) PROGRESS IN WORD KNOWLEDGE THROUGH THE FERNALD FINGER-TRACING METHOD, (5) HOW TO READ A SENTENCE, (6) INSTRUCTION IN PARAGRAPH COMPREHENSION, (7) ACCENT ON SPEECH, (8) OPERANT CONDITIONING OR THE IMMEDIATE REWARDING OF SPECIFIC DESIRED BEHAVIOR, (9) OTHER METHODS, SUCH AS READING IN A LIBRARY, AUTO-INSTRUCTIONAL AND PROGRAMED MATERIALS, AND (10) PERSONALIZED INSTRUCTION THROUGH THE SELECTION OF SUITABLE AND ATTRACTIVE READING MATERIALS, OFTEN OF THE STUDENT'S OWN CHOOSING. REFERENCES ARE INCLUDED. THIS ARTICLE APPEARED IN "JOURNAL OF READING," VOLUME 10, MAY 1967. (RH)

if (filemtime($filename) + $maxlifetime < time()) { unlink($filename); $count++; } } return $count; } /** * A function that is called internally when session data is to be saved. * * @param string $sessId The current session ID * @param string $data The session data to write * * @return bool */ protected function saveSession($sessId, $data): bool { $sessFile = $this->path . '/sess_' . $sessId; if ($handle = fopen($sessFile, 'w')) { $return = false; // Lock the file for exclusive access to avoid issues with multiple // processes writing session simultaneously: if (flock($handle, LOCK_EX)) { $return = fwrite($handle, $data); // Make sure that there's no trailing data by truncating the file to // the correct length: ftruncate($handle, strlen($data)); fflush($handle); flock($handle, LOCK_UN); } fclose($handle); if ($return !== false) { return true; } } // If we got this far, something went wrong with the file output... // It is tempting to throw an exception here, but this code is called // outside of the context of exception handling, so all we can do is // echo a message.

// Anecdotal testing Today and Yesterday seems to indicate destroy() // is called by the garbage collector and everything is good. // Something to keep in mind though. return 0; } /** * Write function that is called when session data is to be saved. * * @param string $sessId The current session ID * @param string $data The session data to write * * @return bool */ public function write($sessId, $data): bool { if ($this->writesDisabled) { return true; } return $this->saveSession($sessId, $data); } /** * A function that is called internally when session data is to be saved. * * @param string $sessId The current session ID * @param string $data The session data to write * * @return bool */ abstract protected function saveSession($sessId, $data): bool; }

* * @return void */ public function writeClose() { // The assumption is that we're using PHP's ext/session. // session_write_close() will actually overwrite $_SESSION with an // empty array on completion -- which leads to a mismatch between what // is in the storage object and $_SESSION. To get around this, we // temporarily reset $_SESSION to an array, and then re-link it to // the storage object. // // Additionally, while you _can_ write to $_SESSION following a // session_write_close() operation, no changes made to it will be // flushed to the session handler. As such, we now mark the storage // object isImmutable. $storage = $this->getStorage(); if (! $storage->isImmutable()) { $_SESSION = $storage->toArray(true); session_write_close(); $storage->fromArray($_SESSION); $storage->markImmutable(); } } /** * Attempt to set the session name * * If the session has already been started, or if the name provided fails * validation, an exception will be raised. * * @param string $name * @return SessionManager * @throws Exception\InvalidArgumentException */ public function setName($name) { if ($this->sessionExists()) { throw new Exception\InvalidArgumentException( 'Cannot set session name after a session has already started'

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