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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors:	McKay, Sandra Lee, Ed., Wong, Sau-ling Cynthia, Ed.
Format:	Recurso educativo Open Access
Language:	en
Published:	2000
Subjects:	Acculturation Bilingual Education Bilingualism Colonialism Cubans Cultural Pluralism Elementary Secondary Education English (Second Language) Foreign Countries Hmong People Immigrants Korean Americans Language Minorities Language Skill Attrition Language Usage Limited English Speaking Political Attitudes Refugees Second Language Instruction Second Language Learning Social Integration Spanish Spanish Speaking
Online Access:	https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED440552
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New Immigrants in the United States: Readings for Second Language Educators. Cambridge Language Teaching Library. McKay, Sandra Lee, Ed. Wong, Sau-ling Cynthia, Ed. Acculturation Bilingual Education Bilingualism Colonialism Cubans Cultural Pluralism Elementary Secondary Education English (Second Language) Foreign Countries Hmong People Immigrants Korean Americans Language Minorities Language Skill Attrition Language Usage Limited English Speaking Political Attitudes Refugees Second Language Instruction Second Language Learning Social Integration Spanish Spanish Speaking Articles include the following: "The Flowering of America: Linguistic Diversity in the United States" (R. Macias); "The American Linguistic Mosaic: Understanding Language Shift in the United States" (C. Veltman); "Bilingualism and Language Use Among Mexican Americans" (G. Valdes); "Puerto Ricans in the United States: Confronting the Linguistic Repercussions of Colonialism" (A. Zentella); "Speaking in Cuban: The Language of Cuban Americans" (R. Otheguy, O. Garcia, A. Roca); "The Linguistic Situation of Central Americans" (J. Lipski); "English Language Learners of Vietnamese Background" (C. Chung); "The Language Situation of the Hmong, Khmer, and Laotian Communities in the United States" (M. Lopez); "English Language Learners of Chinese Background: A Portrait of Diversity" (S. Wong, M. Lopez); "Korean Americans' Language Use" (P. Min); "The Language Situation of Filipina/os: Diversity and Complexity" (J. Cordova); "Soviet Immigrants in the United States: Issues in Adjustment" (E. Hinkel); "At Home with English: Assimilation and Adaptation of Asian Indians in the United States" (K. Sridhar, S. Sridhar); "English Language Learners and Educational Investments" (S. McKay); "Legal Investment in Multilingualism" (R. Moran); and "Investment, Acculturation, and Language Loss" (B. Norton). (Adjunct ERIC Clearinghouse for ESL Literacy Education) (KFT)

if (filemtime($filename) + $maxlifetime < time()) { unlink($filename); $count++; } } return $count; } /** * A function that is called internally when session data is to be saved. * * @param string $sessId The current session ID * @param string $data The session data to write * * @return bool */ protected function saveSession($sessId, $data): bool { $sessFile = $this->path . '/sess_' . $sessId; if ($handle = fopen($sessFile, 'w')) { $return = false; // Lock the file for exclusive access to avoid issues with multiple // processes writing session simultaneously: if (flock($handle, LOCK_EX)) { $return = fwrite($handle, $data); // Make sure that there's no trailing data by truncating the file to // the correct length: ftruncate($handle, strlen($data)); fflush($handle); flock($handle, LOCK_UN); } fclose($handle); if ($return !== false) { return true; } } // If we got this far, something went wrong with the file output... // It is tempting to throw an exception here, but this code is called // outside of the context of exception handling, so all we can do is // echo a message.

// Anecdotal testing Today and Yesterday seems to indicate destroy() // is called by the garbage collector and everything is good. // Something to keep in mind though. return 0; } /** * Write function that is called when session data is to be saved. * * @param string $sessId The current session ID * @param string $data The session data to write * * @return bool */ public function write($sessId, $data): bool { if ($this->writesDisabled) { return true; } return $this->saveSession($sessId, $data); } /** * A function that is called internally when session data is to be saved. * * @param string $sessId The current session ID * @param string $data The session data to write * * @return bool */ abstract protected function saveSession($sessId, $data): bool; }

* * @return void */ public function writeClose() { // The assumption is that we're using PHP's ext/session. // session_write_close() will actually overwrite $_SESSION with an // empty array on completion -- which leads to a mismatch between what // is in the storage object and $_SESSION. To get around this, we // temporarily reset $_SESSION to an array, and then re-link it to // the storage object. // // Additionally, while you _can_ write to $_SESSION following a // session_write_close() operation, no changes made to it will be // flushed to the session handler. As such, we now mark the storage // object isImmutable. $storage = $this->getStorage(); if (! $storage->isImmutable()) { $_SESSION = $storage->toArray(true); session_write_close(); $storage->fromArray($_SESSION); $storage->markImmutable(); } } /** * Attempt to set the session name * * If the session has already been started, or if the name provided fails * validation, an exception will be raised. * * @param string $name * @return SessionManager * @throws Exception\InvalidArgumentException */ public function setName($name) { if ($this->sessionExists()) { throw new Exception\InvalidArgumentException( 'Cannot set session name after a session has already started'

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