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Autore principale:	International Labour Organization
Natura:	Reporte
Pubblicazione:	International Labour Organization 2026
Accesso online:	https://researchrepository.ilo.org/esploro/outputs/report/International-experiences-in-the-development-of/995707265702676
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Sommario:

International experiences in the development of Viet Nam’s private sector International Labour Organization Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) form the backbone of Viet Nam’s private sector, accounting for approximately 98 per cent of all enterprises and making significant contributions to employment, investment and economic growth. However, SMEs continue to face structural constraints related to access to finance, innovation, technology adoption, market access, workforce skills, business formalization and participation in global value chains. As Viet Nam seeks to strengthen the role of the private sector as a driver of sustainable and inclusive growth, learning from international experience is increasingly important for identifying effective policy approaches, avoiding common pitfalls and adapting proven development models to the national context. This report examines international experiences in private sector and SME development from the Republic of Korea, Taiwan (China), China, Singapore, Indonesia, Thailand, India and Estonia. It analyses a range of policy instruments and institutional models, including credit guarantee systems, venture capital and Fund of Funds mechanisms, technology and innovation support programmes, export promotion initiatives, digital transformation strategies, SME–FDI linkage programmes, startup ecosystems, public procurement policies and business formalization frameworks. ILO, [1st ed.] 10.54394/00033729 DOI https://doi.org/10.54394/00033729; ISBN 9789220436974 publication.report

if (filemtime($filename) + $maxlifetime < time()) { unlink($filename); $count++; } } return $count; } /** * A function that is called internally when session data is to be saved. * * @param string $sessId The current session ID * @param string $data The session data to write * * @return bool */ protected function saveSession($sessId, $data): bool { $sessFile = $this->path . '/sess_' . $sessId; if ($handle = fopen($sessFile, 'w')) { $return = false; // Lock the file for exclusive access to avoid issues with multiple // processes writing session simultaneously: if (flock($handle, LOCK_EX)) { $return = fwrite($handle, $data); // Make sure that there's no trailing data by truncating the file to // the correct length: ftruncate($handle, strlen($data)); fflush($handle); flock($handle, LOCK_UN); } fclose($handle); if ($return !== false) { return true; } } // If we got this far, something went wrong with the file output... // It is tempting to throw an exception here, but this code is called // outside of the context of exception handling, so all we can do is // echo a message.

// Anecdotal testing Today and Yesterday seems to indicate destroy() // is called by the garbage collector and everything is good. // Something to keep in mind though. return 0; } /** * Write function that is called when session data is to be saved. * * @param string $sessId The current session ID * @param string $data The session data to write * * @return bool */ public function write($sessId, $data): bool { if ($this->writesDisabled) { return true; } return $this->saveSession($sessId, $data); } /** * A function that is called internally when session data is to be saved. * * @param string $sessId The current session ID * @param string $data The session data to write * * @return bool */ abstract protected function saveSession($sessId, $data): bool; }

* * @return void */ public function writeClose() { // The assumption is that we're using PHP's ext/session. // session_write_close() will actually overwrite $_SESSION with an // empty array on completion -- which leads to a mismatch between what // is in the storage object and $_SESSION. To get around this, we // temporarily reset $_SESSION to an array, and then re-link it to // the storage object. // // Additionally, while you _can_ write to $_SESSION following a // session_write_close() operation, no changes made to it will be // flushed to the session handler. As such, we now mark the storage // object isImmutable. $storage = $this->getStorage(); if (! $storage->isImmutable()) { $_SESSION = $storage->toArray(true); session_write_close(); $storage->fromArray($_SESSION); $storage->markImmutable(); } } /** * Attempt to set the session name * * If the session has already been started, or if the name provided fails * validation, an exception will be raised. * * @param string $name * @return SessionManager * @throws Exception\InvalidArgumentException */ public function setName($name) { if ($this->sessionExists()) { throw new Exception\InvalidArgumentException( 'Cannot set session name after a session has already started'

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Environment & details: