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Autori principali:	Sommer, Nathalie R, Dobson, Annise M, Baker, Matthew S, Trussell, Geoffrey C, Schmitz, Oswald J
Natura:	Artículo científico
Lingua:	en
Pubblicazione:	Global change biology 2025
Soggetti:	Herbivory Animals Ecosystem Soil Biomass
Accesso online:	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40667671/
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Herbivore Population Differences Rival Geographic and Biophysical Variation in Structuring Ecosystem Function. Sommer, Nathalie R Dobson, Annise M Baker, Matthew S Trussell, Geoffrey C Schmitz, Oswald J Herbivory Animals Ecosystem Soil Biomass Geographic variation in ecosystem function is often attributed to differences in climate and soil properties, with biophysical constraints assumed to dictate spatial patterns in nutrient cycling, carbon storage, and plant productivity. However, biotic interactions, particularly herbivory, also vary geographically and can generate feedbacks that influence ecosystem processes. Using a replicated three-year field experiment, we tested how population-level functional differences in a widespread arthropod herbivore mediate geographic variation in ecosystem function. Structural equation modeling revealed that herbivores exerted strong direct effects on plant biomass, soil carbon, and nitrogen mineralization, often surpassing the influence of historical conditions and geographic variation in climate. Moreover, functionally distinct herbivore populations had divergent effects on nutrient cycling and plant diversity, demonstrating that population-level differences introduce novel pathways of influence on ecosystem function. These findings challenge ecosystem models that prioritize abiotic constraints and highlight the need to incorporate consumer-driven feedbacks into ecological frameworks.

if (filemtime($filename) + $maxlifetime < time()) { unlink($filename); $count++; } } return $count; } /** * A function that is called internally when session data is to be saved. * * @param string $sessId The current session ID * @param string $data The session data to write * * @return bool */ protected function saveSession($sessId, $data): bool { $sessFile = $this->path . '/sess_' . $sessId; if ($handle = fopen($sessFile, 'w')) { $return = false; // Lock the file for exclusive access to avoid issues with multiple // processes writing session simultaneously: if (flock($handle, LOCK_EX)) { $return = fwrite($handle, $data); // Make sure that there's no trailing data by truncating the file to // the correct length: ftruncate($handle, strlen($data)); fflush($handle); flock($handle, LOCK_UN); } fclose($handle); if ($return !== false) { return true; } } // If we got this far, something went wrong with the file output... // It is tempting to throw an exception here, but this code is called // outside of the context of exception handling, so all we can do is // echo a message.

// Anecdotal testing Today and Yesterday seems to indicate destroy() // is called by the garbage collector and everything is good. // Something to keep in mind though. return 0; } /** * Write function that is called when session data is to be saved. * * @param string $sessId The current session ID * @param string $data The session data to write * * @return bool */ public function write($sessId, $data): bool { if ($this->writesDisabled) { return true; } return $this->saveSession($sessId, $data); } /** * A function that is called internally when session data is to be saved. * * @param string $sessId The current session ID * @param string $data The session data to write * * @return bool */ abstract protected function saveSession($sessId, $data): bool; }

* * @return void */ public function writeClose() { // The assumption is that we're using PHP's ext/session. // session_write_close() will actually overwrite $_SESSION with an // empty array on completion -- which leads to a mismatch between what // is in the storage object and $_SESSION. To get around this, we // temporarily reset $_SESSION to an array, and then re-link it to // the storage object. // // Additionally, while you _can_ write to $_SESSION following a // session_write_close() operation, no changes made to it will be // flushed to the session handler. As such, we now mark the storage // object isImmutable. $storage = $this->getStorage(); if (! $storage->isImmutable()) { $_SESSION = $storage->toArray(true); session_write_close(); $storage->fromArray($_SESSION); $storage->markImmutable(); } } /** * Attempt to set the session name * * If the session has already been started, or if the name provided fails * validation, an exception will be raised. * * @param string $name * @return SessionManager * @throws Exception\InvalidArgumentException */ public function setName($name) { if ($this->sessionExists()) { throw new Exception\InvalidArgumentException( 'Cannot set session name after a session has already started'

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