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| Natura: | Artículo científico |
| Lingua: | en |
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Marine drugs
2025
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| Soggetti: | |
| Accesso online: | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40710502/ |
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| _version_ | 1868266174401216512 |
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| author | Deng, Huiyun Shang, Xinrui Zhu, Hu Huang, Ning Wang, Lianghua Sun, Mingjuan |
| author_facet | Deng, Huiyun Shang, Xinrui Zhu, Hu Huang, Ning Wang, Lianghua Sun, Mingjuan Deng, Huiyun Shang, Xinrui Zhu, Hu Huang, Ning Wang, Lianghua Sun, Mingjuan |
| collection | PubMed - marine biology |
| contents | Saxitoxin: A Comprehensive Review of Its History, Structure, Toxicology, Biosynthesis, Detection, and Preventive Implications. Deng, Huiyun Shang, Xinrui Zhu, Hu Huang, Ning Wang, Lianghua Sun, Mingjuan Saxitoxin Humans Animals Shellfish Poisoning Cyanobacteria Dinoflagellida Harmful Algal Bloom Marine Toxins Saxitoxin (STX) is a potent toxin produced by marine dinoflagellates and freshwater or brackish water cyanobacteria, and is a member of the paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs). As a highly specific blocker of voltage-gated sodium channels (NaVs), STX blocks sodium ion influx, thereby inhibiting nerve impulse transmission and leading to systemic physiological dysfunctions in the nervous, respiratory, cardiovascular, and digestive systems. Severe exposure can lead to paralysis, respiratory failure, and mortality. STX primarily enters the human body through the consumption of contaminated shellfish, posing a significant public health risk as the causative agent of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP). Beyond its acute toxicity, STX exerts cascading impacts on food safety, marine ecosystem integrity, and economic stability, particularly in regions affected by harmful algal blooms (HABs). Moreover, the complex molecular structure of STX-tricyclic skeleton and biguanide group-and its diverse analogs (more than 50 derivatives) have made it the focus of research on natural toxins. In this review, we traced the discovery history, chemical structure, molecular biosynthesis, biological enrichment mechanisms, and toxicological actions of STX. Moreover, we highlighted recent advancements in the potential for detection and treatment strategies of STX. By integrating multidisciplinary insights, this review aims to provide a holistic understanding of STX and to guide future research directions for its prevention, management, and potential applications. |
| format | Artículo científico |
| id | pubmed_40710502 |
| institution | PubMed |
| language | en |
| publishDate | 2025 |
| publisher | Marine drugs |
| record_format | pubmed |
| spellingShingle | Saxitoxin: A Comprehensive Review of Its History, Structure, Toxicology, Biosynthesis, Detection, and Preventive Implications. Deng, Huiyun Shang, Xinrui Zhu, Hu Huang, Ning Wang, Lianghua Sun, Mingjuan Saxitoxin Humans Animals Shellfish Poisoning Cyanobacteria Dinoflagellida Harmful Algal Bloom Marine Toxins Saxitoxin: A Comprehensive Review of Its History, Structure, Toxicology, Biosynthesis, Detection, and Preventive Implications. Deng, Huiyun Shang, Xinrui Zhu, Hu Huang, Ning Wang, Lianghua Sun, Mingjuan Saxitoxin Humans Animals Shellfish Poisoning Cyanobacteria Dinoflagellida Harmful Algal Bloom Marine Toxins Saxitoxin (STX) is a potent toxin produced by marine dinoflagellates and freshwater or brackish water cyanobacteria, and is a member of the paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs). As a highly specific blocker of voltage-gated sodium channels (NaVs), STX blocks sodium ion influx, thereby inhibiting nerve impulse transmission and leading to systemic physiological dysfunctions in the nervous, respiratory, cardiovascular, and digestive systems. Severe exposure can lead to paralysis, respiratory failure, and mortality. STX primarily enters the human body through the consumption of contaminated shellfish, posing a significant public health risk as the causative agent of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP). Beyond its acute toxicity, STX exerts cascading impacts on food safety, marine ecosystem integrity, and economic stability, particularly in regions affected by harmful algal blooms (HABs). Moreover, the complex molecular structure of STX-tricyclic skeleton and biguanide group-and its diverse analogs (more than 50 derivatives) have made it the focus of research on natural toxins. In this review, we traced the discovery history, chemical structure, molecular biosynthesis, biological enrichment mechanisms, and toxicological actions of STX. Moreover, we highlighted recent advancements in the potential for detection and treatment strategies of STX. By integrating multidisciplinary insights, this review aims to provide a holistic understanding of STX and to guide future research directions for its prevention, management, and potential applications. |
| title | Saxitoxin: A Comprehensive Review of Its History, Structure, Toxicology, Biosynthesis, Detection, and Preventive Implications. |
| topic | Saxitoxin Humans Animals Shellfish Poisoning Cyanobacteria Dinoflagellida Harmful Algal Bloom Marine Toxins |
| url | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40710502/ |